Triple

T5429796
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Richard Karp E121454 entity
Predicate notableWork P4 FINISHED
Object "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems" (1972)
"Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems" (1972) is a landmark paper by Richard Karp that introduced NP-completeness to a broad audience by showing polynomial-time reductions among 21 classic combinatorial decision problems.
E519559 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems" (1972) | Statement: [Richard Karp, notableWork, "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems" (1972)]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems" (1972)
Context triple: [Richard Karp, notableWork, "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems" (1972)]
  • A. P, NP, and NP-Completeness: The Basics of Complexity Theory
    "P, NP, and NP-Completeness: The Basics of Complexity Theory" is a foundational textbook by Oded Goldreich that introduces the core concepts, problems, and techniques of computational complexity theory, with a focus on the classes P, NP, and NP-complete problems.
  • B. Cook–Levin theorem
    The Cook–Levin theorem is a foundational result in computational complexity theory that established the Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) as the first NP-complete problem, launching the theory of NP-completeness.
  • C. “Inapproximability results for SAT and other problems”
    “Inapproximability results for SAT and other problems” is a seminal theoretical computer science paper by Johan Håstad that establishes tight hardness-of-approximation bounds for satisfiability and related optimization problems using probabilistically checkable proofs.
  • D. “Molecular computation of solutions to combinatorial problems”
    “Molecular computation of solutions to combinatorial problems” is Leonard Adleman’s pioneering 1994 paper that introduced DNA computing by demonstrating how molecular biology techniques can solve a combinatorial search problem.
  • E. "The Complexity of Theorem-Proving Procedures"
    "The Complexity of Theorem-Proving Procedures" is Stephen Cook’s landmark 1971 paper that introduced the concept of NP-completeness and proved the Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) to be NP-complete, laying the foundation for modern computational complexity theory.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems" (1972)
Triple: [Richard Karp, notableWork, "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems" (1972)]
Generated description
"Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems" (1972) is a landmark paper by Richard Karp that introduced NP-completeness to a broad audience by showing polynomial-time reductions among 21 classic combinatorial decision problems.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems" (1972)
Target entity description: "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems" (1972) is a landmark paper by Richard Karp that introduced NP-completeness to a broad audience by showing polynomial-time reductions among 21 classic combinatorial decision problems.
  • A. P, NP, and NP-Completeness: The Basics of Complexity Theory
    "P, NP, and NP-Completeness: The Basics of Complexity Theory" is a foundational textbook by Oded Goldreich that introduces the core concepts, problems, and techniques of computational complexity theory, with a focus on the classes P, NP, and NP-complete problems.
  • B. Cook–Levin theorem
    The Cook–Levin theorem is a foundational result in computational complexity theory that established the Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) as the first NP-complete problem, launching the theory of NP-completeness.
  • C. “Inapproximability results for SAT and other problems”
    “Inapproximability results for SAT and other problems” is a seminal theoretical computer science paper by Johan Håstad that establishes tight hardness-of-approximation bounds for satisfiability and related optimization problems using probabilistically checkable proofs.
  • D. “Molecular computation of solutions to combinatorial problems”
    “Molecular computation of solutions to combinatorial problems” is Leonard Adleman’s pioneering 1994 paper that introduced DNA computing by demonstrating how molecular biology techniques can solve a combinatorial search problem.
  • E. "The Complexity of Theorem-Proving Procedures"
    "The Complexity of Theorem-Proving Procedures" is Stephen Cook’s landmark 1971 paper that introduced the concept of NP-completeness and proved the Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) to be NP-complete, laying the foundation for modern computational complexity theory.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69bd463c65f0819082ee6483ab4b466a completed March 20, 2026, 1:06 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69bd883d1bfc8190859bb05cfab065c8 completed March 20, 2026, 5:47 p.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69bf3ac6285081909afa6e91a023f6d5 completed March 22, 2026, 12:41 a.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69bf3c43ffe88190b8d2a10ea8a9a455 completed March 22, 2026, 12:48 a.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69bf3ce7d6388190a9cd22f76f4420e0 completed March 22, 2026, 12:50 a.m.
Created at: March 20, 2026, 2:06 p.m.