Triple
T5099906
| Position | Surface form | Disambiguated ID | Type / Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subject | Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer |
E114956
|
entity |
| Predicate | priorHistory |
P3444
|
FINISHED |
| Object |
Bitzer v. State of Connecticut, 519 F.2d 851 (2d Cir. 1975)
Bitzer v. State of Connecticut, 519 F.2d 851 (2d Cir. 1975), is a United States Court of Appeals decision involving state employees’ claims of sex discrimination in a state retirement system that later formed the basis for the Supreme Court’s ruling in Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer on Congress’s power to abrogate state sovereign immunity under the Fourteenth Amendment.
|
E114956
|
NE FINISHED |
How this triple was built (4 steps)
Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.
NER
Named-entity recognition
gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Bitzer v. State of Connecticut, 519 F.2d 851 (2d Cir. 1975) | Statement: [Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer, priorHistory, Bitzer v. State of Connecticut, 519 F.2d 851 (2d Cir. 1975)]
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Bitzer v. State of Connecticut, 519 F.2d 851 (2d Cir. 1975) Context triple: [Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer, priorHistory, Bitzer v. State of Connecticut, 519 F.2d 851 (2d Cir. 1975)]
-
A.
Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer
Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer is a 1976 U.S. Supreme Court decision holding that Congress may, under its Fourteenth Amendment enforcement powers, authorize private lawsuits for money damages against state governments despite Eleventh Amendment sovereign immunity.
-
B.
Nebbia v. New York
Nebbia v. New York is a 1934 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld state regulation of milk prices and marked a major retreat from the Lochner-era limits on economic regulation under the Due Process Clause.
-
C.
Palko v. Connecticut
Palko v. Connecticut is a 1937 U.S. Supreme Court case that helped define the doctrine of selective incorporation by holding that only certain fundamental rights in the Bill of Rights apply to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.
-
D.
New York v. United States (1992)
New York v. United States (1992) is a landmark Supreme Court case that limited federal power by holding that Congress cannot compel states to enact or enforce federal regulatory programs, reinforcing the Tenth Amendment’s anti-commandeering principle.
-
E.
New York v. Quarles
New York v. Quarles is a 1984 U.S. Supreme Court decision that created the "public safety" exception to the Miranda warning requirement, allowing certain unwarned statements to be admitted when needed to protect public safety.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg
Description generation
gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. # Instructions Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential. # Response Format Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Bitzer v. State of Connecticut, 519 F.2d 851 (2d Cir. 1975) Triple: [Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer, priorHistory, Bitzer v. State of Connecticut, 519 F.2d 851 (2d Cir. 1975)]
Generated description
Bitzer v. State of Connecticut, 519 F.2d 851 (2d Cir. 1975), is a United States Court of Appeals decision involving state employees’ claims of sex discrimination in a state retirement system that later formed the basis for the Supreme Court’s ruling in Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer on Congress’s power to abrogate state sovereign immunity under the Fourteenth Amendment.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Bitzer v. State of Connecticut, 519 F.2d 851 (2d Cir. 1975) Target entity description: Bitzer v. State of Connecticut, 519 F.2d 851 (2d Cir. 1975), is a United States Court of Appeals decision involving state employees’ claims of sex discrimination in a state retirement system that later formed the basis for the Supreme Court’s ruling in Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer on Congress’s power to abrogate state sovereign immunity under the Fourteenth Amendment.
-
A.
Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer
chosen
Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer is a 1976 U.S. Supreme Court decision holding that Congress may, under its Fourteenth Amendment enforcement powers, authorize private lawsuits for money damages against state governments despite Eleventh Amendment sovereign immunity.
-
B.
Nebbia v. New York
Nebbia v. New York is a 1934 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld state regulation of milk prices and marked a major retreat from the Lochner-era limits on economic regulation under the Due Process Clause.
-
C.
Palko v. Connecticut
Palko v. Connecticut is a 1937 U.S. Supreme Court case that helped define the doctrine of selective incorporation by holding that only certain fundamental rights in the Bill of Rights apply to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.
-
D.
New York v. United States (1992)
New York v. United States (1992) is a landmark Supreme Court case that limited federal power by holding that Congress cannot compel states to enact or enforce federal regulatory programs, reinforcing the Tenth Amendment’s anti-commandeering principle.
-
E.
New York v. Quarles
New York v. Quarles is a 1984 U.S. Supreme Court decision that created the "public safety" exception to the Miranda warning requirement, allowing certain unwarned statements to be admitted when needed to protect public safety.
- F. None of above.
Provenance (5 batches)
The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.
| Step | Stage | Batch ID | Status | When |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| creating | Elicitation | batch_69bd443fc49c819089629c00e311310c |
completed | March 20, 2026, 12:57 p.m. |
| NER | Named-entity recognition | batch_69bd7568e9c881909f114973faef6832 |
completed | March 20, 2026, 4:27 p.m. |
| NED1 | Entity disambiguation (via context triple) | batch_69beba8977f481908b0d55a9cd28d492 |
completed | March 21, 2026, 3:34 p.m. |
| NEDg | Description generation | batch_69bebe4e61008190aa297a4b41e93cb3 |
completed | March 21, 2026, 3:50 p.m. |
| NED2 | Entity disambiguation (via description) | batch_69bebf801fa481909e885bb0d13f48b5 |
completed | March 21, 2026, 3:55 p.m. |
Created at: March 20, 2026, 1:40 p.m.