Triple

T507570
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Arthur E. Kennelly E10534 entity
Predicate notableWork P4 FINISHED
Object Kennelly–Heaviside layer theory
Kennelly–Heaviside layer theory is an early 20th-century scientific model proposing the existence of a conductive layer in the upper atmosphere that reflects radio waves, helping to explain long-distance radio communication.
E63328 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Kennelly–Heaviside layer theory | Statement: [Arthur E. Kennelly, notableWork, Kennelly–Heaviside layer theory]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Kennelly–Heaviside layer theory
Context triple: [Arthur E. Kennelly, notableWork, Kennelly–Heaviside layer theory]
  • A. Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena
    Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena is a foundational electrical engineering text that systematically develops the mathematical analysis and practical design principles of alternating current (AC) circuits and machinery.
  • B. Rayleigh–Jeans law at low frequencies
    The Rayleigh–Jeans law at low frequencies is the classical approximation for blackbody radiation that accurately describes the long-wavelength, low-energy limit of Planck’s radiation spectrum.
  • C. On Physical Lines of Force
    "On Physical Lines of Force" is an 1861–62 series of papers by James Clerk Maxwell that introduced the field concept and laid the foundations for classical electromagnetic theory.
  • D. A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism
    A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism is James Clerk Maxwell’s foundational 19th-century work that systematically formulated the classical theory of electromagnetism, including the famous Maxwell’s equations.
  • E. Huygens–Fresnel principle
    The Huygens–Fresnel principle is a fundamental concept in wave optics that explains how every point on a wavefront acts as a source of secondary wavelets whose interference determines the wave’s subsequent propagation and diffraction.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Kennelly–Heaviside layer theory
Triple: [Arthur E. Kennelly, notableWork, Kennelly–Heaviside layer theory]
Generated description
Kennelly–Heaviside layer theory is an early 20th-century scientific model proposing the existence of a conductive layer in the upper atmosphere that reflects radio waves, helping to explain long-distance radio communication.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Kennelly–Heaviside layer theory
Target entity description: Kennelly–Heaviside layer theory is an early 20th-century scientific model proposing the existence of a conductive layer in the upper atmosphere that reflects radio waves, helping to explain long-distance radio communication.
  • A. Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena
    Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena is a foundational electrical engineering text that systematically develops the mathematical analysis and practical design principles of alternating current (AC) circuits and machinery.
  • B. Rayleigh–Jeans law at low frequencies
    The Rayleigh–Jeans law at low frequencies is the classical approximation for blackbody radiation that accurately describes the long-wavelength, low-energy limit of Planck’s radiation spectrum.
  • C. On Physical Lines of Force
    "On Physical Lines of Force" is an 1861–62 series of papers by James Clerk Maxwell that introduced the field concept and laid the foundations for classical electromagnetic theory.
  • D. A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism
    A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism is James Clerk Maxwell’s foundational 19th-century work that systematically formulated the classical theory of electromagnetism, including the famous Maxwell’s equations.
  • E. Huygens–Fresnel principle
    The Huygens–Fresnel principle is a fundamental concept in wave optics that explains how every point on a wavefront acts as a source of secondary wavelets whose interference determines the wave’s subsequent propagation and diffraction.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69a2e848adf881908e5e04f7af030093 completed Feb. 28, 2026, 1:06 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69a2f14dcd688190ad47a3b31b95b6d4 completed Feb. 28, 2026, 1:44 p.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69a498506418819090190a35e8763982 completed March 1, 2026, 7:49 p.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69a499da231c8190abd973d9ac3969ff completed March 1, 2026, 7:56 p.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69a49b0045b481908f5e863d61b7e17e completed March 1, 2026, 8:01 p.m.
Created at: Feb. 28, 2026, 1:12 p.m.