Triple

T4329513
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Robert Fogel E96713 entity
Predicate notableWork P4 FINISHED
Object Railroads and American Economic Growth
"Railroads and American Economic Growth" is a landmark economic history study by Robert Fogel that uses quantitative methods to reassess the impact of railroads on 19th-century U.S. economic development.
E431730 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Railroads and American Economic Growth | Statement: [Robert Fogel, notableWork, Railroads and American Economic Growth]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Railroads and American Economic Growth
Context triple: [Robert Fogel, notableWork, Railroads and American Economic Growth]
  • A. Introduction to Modern Economic Growth
    Introduction to Modern Economic Growth is a comprehensive graduate-level textbook that rigorously develops the theory and empirics of long-run economic growth, with a strong emphasis on microfoundations and institutional factors.
  • B. A Theory of Economic History
    A Theory of Economic History is an influential work by economist John R. Hicks that applies economic theory to interpret and explain long-term historical development and institutional change.
  • C. Business Cycles in the United States of America, 1919–1932
    "Business Cycles in the United States of America, 1919–1932" is an influential econometric study by Jan Tinbergen that analyzes and models U.S. economic fluctuations during the interwar period.
  • D. History of Economic Analysis
    History of Economic Analysis is a comprehensive, posthumously published survey of the development of economic thought, written by economist Joseph Schumpeter.
  • E. Man, Economy, and State
    Man, Economy, and State is Murray Rothbard’s major treatise on economics, presenting a comprehensive exposition of Austrian economic theory and libertarian social philosophy.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Railroads and American Economic Growth
Triple: [Robert Fogel, notableWork, Railroads and American Economic Growth]
Generated description
"Railroads and American Economic Growth" is a landmark economic history study by Robert Fogel that uses quantitative methods to reassess the impact of railroads on 19th-century U.S. economic development.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Railroads and American Economic Growth
Target entity description: "Railroads and American Economic Growth" is a landmark economic history study by Robert Fogel that uses quantitative methods to reassess the impact of railroads on 19th-century U.S. economic development.
  • A. Introduction to Modern Economic Growth
    Introduction to Modern Economic Growth is a comprehensive graduate-level textbook that rigorously develops the theory and empirics of long-run economic growth, with a strong emphasis on microfoundations and institutional factors.
  • B. A Theory of Economic History
    A Theory of Economic History is an influential work by economist John R. Hicks that applies economic theory to interpret and explain long-term historical development and institutional change.
  • C. Business Cycles in the United States of America, 1919–1932
    "Business Cycles in the United States of America, 1919–1932" is an influential econometric study by Jan Tinbergen that analyzes and models U.S. economic fluctuations during the interwar period.
  • D. History of Economic Analysis
    History of Economic Analysis is a comprehensive, posthumously published survey of the development of economic thought, written by economist Joseph Schumpeter.
  • E. Man, Economy, and State
    Man, Economy, and State is Murray Rothbard’s major treatise on economics, presenting a comprehensive exposition of Austrian economic theory and libertarian social philosophy.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69b34542fd908190b11b08faad8decfd completed March 12, 2026, 10:59 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69b3513545fc81909e29de7eae1829f7 completed March 12, 2026, 11:50 p.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69b5d09bf304819084fc1b9162c8b48a completed March 14, 2026, 9:18 p.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69b5d48a56f881909cc75f45d87c8151 completed March 14, 2026, 9:35 p.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69b5d4f99ff08190957b46cd84954f79 completed March 14, 2026, 9:36 p.m.
Created at: March 12, 2026, 11:13 p.m.