Triple

T2815444
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Euler product formula for the Riemann zeta function E54270 entity
Predicate generalizedBy P2372 FINISHED
Object Euler products for automorphic L-functions
Euler products for automorphic L-functions are infinite product expansions attached to automorphic representations that encode deep arithmetic information and generalize the classical Euler product of the Riemann zeta function to a broad class of L-functions in the Langlands program.
E304347 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Euler products for automorphic L-functions | Statement: [Euler product formula for the Riemann zeta function, generalizedBy, Euler products for automorphic L-functions]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Euler products for automorphic L-functions
Context triple: [Euler product formula for the Riemann zeta function, generalizedBy, Euler products for automorphic L-functions]
  • A. Dirichlet L-functions
    Dirichlet L-functions are complex analytic functions built from Dirichlet characters that generalize the Riemann zeta function and play a central role in number theory, particularly in the study of primes in arithmetic progressions.
  • B. Representation Theory and Automorphic Functions
    "Representation Theory and Automorphic Functions" is a seminal mathematical work by Israel Gelfand that develops the connections between representation theory of groups and the theory of automorphic forms, with deep applications in number theory and harmonic analysis.
  • C. Selberg trace formula
    The Selberg trace formula is a fundamental result in analytic number theory and spectral theory that relates lengths of closed geodesics on a Riemannian manifold to the spectrum of its Laplace operator, serving as a non-abelian analogue of the Poisson summation formula.
  • D. Dedekind zeta functions
    Dedekind zeta functions are number-theoretic functions attached to algebraic number fields that encode their arithmetic properties, such as the distribution of prime ideals and class numbers.
  • E. Selberg class
    The Selberg class is a collection of Dirichlet series with specific analytic properties introduced to generalize and axiomatize L-functions in number theory.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Euler products for automorphic L-functions
Triple: [Euler product formula for the Riemann zeta function, generalizedBy, Euler products for automorphic L-functions]
Generated description
Euler products for automorphic L-functions are infinite product expansions attached to automorphic representations that encode deep arithmetic information and generalize the classical Euler product of the Riemann zeta function to a broad class of L-functions in the Langlands program.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Euler products for automorphic L-functions
Target entity description: Euler products for automorphic L-functions are infinite product expansions attached to automorphic representations that encode deep arithmetic information and generalize the classical Euler product of the Riemann zeta function to a broad class of L-functions in the Langlands program.
  • A. Dirichlet L-functions
    Dirichlet L-functions are complex analytic functions built from Dirichlet characters that generalize the Riemann zeta function and play a central role in number theory, particularly in the study of primes in arithmetic progressions.
  • B. Representation Theory and Automorphic Functions
    "Representation Theory and Automorphic Functions" is a seminal mathematical work by Israel Gelfand that develops the connections between representation theory of groups and the theory of automorphic forms, with deep applications in number theory and harmonic analysis.
  • C. Selberg trace formula
    The Selberg trace formula is a fundamental result in analytic number theory and spectral theory that relates lengths of closed geodesics on a Riemannian manifold to the spectrum of its Laplace operator, serving as a non-abelian analogue of the Poisson summation formula.
  • D. Dedekind zeta functions
    Dedekind zeta functions are number-theoretic functions attached to algebraic number fields that encode their arithmetic properties, such as the distribution of prime ideals and class numbers.
  • E. Selberg class
    The Selberg class is a collection of Dirichlet series with specific analytic properties introduced to generalize and axiomatize L-functions in number theory.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69ab49de0af08190b3da69683be1e728 completed March 6, 2026, 9:40 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69abde4d29488190a32461906dd9ea7e completed March 7, 2026, 8:14 a.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69afe8aecd5081909b38d229904e5bde completed March 10, 2026, 9:47 a.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69afea1732b481909a8df01d80ca1bd4 completed March 10, 2026, 9:53 a.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69b00eff94b481909a4cc08c8494870c completed March 10, 2026, 12:30 p.m.
Created at: March 6, 2026, 9:59 p.m.