Triple

T2443014
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Shockley–Queisser limit E53321 entity
Predicate isRelatedTo P37 FINISHED
Object Carnot efficiency
Carnot efficiency is the theoretical maximum efficiency that any heat engine can achieve when operating between two temperatures, serving as a fundamental limit in thermodynamics.
E267412 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Carnot efficiency | Statement: [Shockley–Queisser limit, isRelatedTo, Carnot efficiency]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Carnot efficiency
Context triple: [Shockley–Queisser limit, isRelatedTo, Carnot efficiency]
  • A. Kelvin–Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics
    The Kelvin–Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics asserts that it is impossible to construct a cyclic heat engine that converts all absorbed heat from a single reservoir entirely into work without any other effect.
  • B. Carnot
    Carnot is a French surname most famously associated with mathematician and physicist Sadi Carnot, a founder of thermodynamics, and several prominent political and military figures in France.
  • C. Carathéodory’s formulation of the second law of thermodynamics
    Carathéodory’s formulation of the second law of thermodynamics is a mathematically rigorous restatement of the second law based on the inaccessibility of certain thermodynamic states, providing a foundation for the concept of entropy without relying on cyclic processes or heat engines.
  • D. Landauer's principle
    Landauer's principle is a foundational concept in thermodynamics and information theory stating that erasing one bit of information in a computational process necessarily dissipates a minimum amount of heat, linking information processing to physical entropy.
  • E. Sackur–Tetrode equation
    The Sackur–Tetrode equation is a fundamental formula in statistical mechanics that gives the absolute entropy of an ideal monatomic gas in terms of its volume, temperature, and particle number.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Carnot efficiency
Triple: [Shockley–Queisser limit, isRelatedTo, Carnot efficiency]
Generated description
Carnot efficiency is the theoretical maximum efficiency that any heat engine can achieve when operating between two temperatures, serving as a fundamental limit in thermodynamics.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Carnot efficiency
Target entity description: Carnot efficiency is the theoretical maximum efficiency that any heat engine can achieve when operating between two temperatures, serving as a fundamental limit in thermodynamics.
  • A. Kelvin–Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics
    The Kelvin–Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics asserts that it is impossible to construct a cyclic heat engine that converts all absorbed heat from a single reservoir entirely into work without any other effect.
  • B. Carnot
    Carnot is a French surname most famously associated with mathematician and physicist Sadi Carnot, a founder of thermodynamics, and several prominent political and military figures in France.
  • C. Carathéodory’s formulation of the second law of thermodynamics
    Carathéodory’s formulation of the second law of thermodynamics is a mathematically rigorous restatement of the second law based on the inaccessibility of certain thermodynamic states, providing a foundation for the concept of entropy without relying on cyclic processes or heat engines.
  • D. Landauer's principle
    Landauer's principle is a foundational concept in thermodynamics and information theory stating that erasing one bit of information in a computational process necessarily dissipates a minimum amount of heat, linking information processing to physical entropy.
  • E. Sackur–Tetrode equation
    The Sackur–Tetrode equation is a fundamental formula in statistical mechanics that gives the absolute entropy of an ideal monatomic gas in terms of its volume, temperature, and particle number.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69ab495b6dac8190ac82661aa1452222 completed March 6, 2026, 9:38 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69abca20d2088190846162b85472d739 completed March 7, 2026, 6:48 a.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69aef0b768f8819084fb74a3a2643cb8 completed March 9, 2026, 4:09 p.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69aef5de0e4c8190af460b7e2fb2a5eb completed March 9, 2026, 4:31 p.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69aef68a6a18819097876fea0120103b completed March 9, 2026, 4:34 p.m.
Created at: March 6, 2026, 9:43 p.m.