Triple
T2264860
| Position | Surface form | Disambiguated ID | Type / Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subject | Henry Norris Russell |
E50120
|
entity |
| Predicate | knownFor |
P22
|
FINISHED |
| Object |
Russell–Saunders coupling
Russell–Saunders coupling is an atomic physics scheme that describes how individual electron orbital and spin angular momenta combine to determine the total angular momentum of an atom, especially in light atoms.
|
E251512
|
NE FINISHED |
How this triple was built (4 steps)
Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.
NER
Named-entity recognition
gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Russell–Saunders coupling | Statement: [Henry Norris Russell, knownFor, Russell–Saunders coupling]
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Russell–Saunders coupling Context triple: [Henry Norris Russell, knownFor, Russell–Saunders coupling]
-
A.
Wigner–Eckart theorem
The Wigner–Eckart theorem is a fundamental result in quantum mechanics that factorizes matrix elements of tensor operators into a reduced matrix element and a purely geometric part given by Clebsch–Gordan coefficients, greatly simplifying angular momentum calculations.
-
B.
Zeeman effect
The Zeeman effect is the splitting of atomic or molecular spectral lines into multiple components when subjected to an external magnetic field, revealing information about energy levels and magnetic moments.
-
C.
Stark effect
The Stark effect is the splitting and shifting of atomic or molecular spectral lines caused by an external electric field.
-
D.
Sommerfeld fine-structure formula
The Sommerfeld fine-structure formula is a relativistic extension of the Bohr model that accurately predicts the fine-structure energy levels of the hydrogen atom.
-
E.
Bohr magneton
The Bohr magneton is a fundamental physical constant that represents the natural unit of the electron’s magnetic moment in atomic physics.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg
Description generation
gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. # Instructions Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential. # Response Format Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Russell–Saunders coupling Triple: [Henry Norris Russell, knownFor, Russell–Saunders coupling]
Generated description
Russell–Saunders coupling is an atomic physics scheme that describes how individual electron orbital and spin angular momenta combine to determine the total angular momentum of an atom, especially in light atoms.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Russell–Saunders coupling Target entity description: Russell–Saunders coupling is an atomic physics scheme that describes how individual electron orbital and spin angular momenta combine to determine the total angular momentum of an atom, especially in light atoms.
-
A.
Wigner–Eckart theorem
The Wigner–Eckart theorem is a fundamental result in quantum mechanics that factorizes matrix elements of tensor operators into a reduced matrix element and a purely geometric part given by Clebsch–Gordan coefficients, greatly simplifying angular momentum calculations.
-
B.
Zeeman effect
The Zeeman effect is the splitting of atomic or molecular spectral lines into multiple components when subjected to an external magnetic field, revealing information about energy levels and magnetic moments.
-
C.
Stark effect
The Stark effect is the splitting and shifting of atomic or molecular spectral lines caused by an external electric field.
-
D.
Sommerfeld fine-structure formula
The Sommerfeld fine-structure formula is a relativistic extension of the Bohr model that accurately predicts the fine-structure energy levels of the hydrogen atom.
-
E.
Bohr magneton
The Bohr magneton is a fundamental physical constant that represents the natural unit of the electron’s magnetic moment in atomic physics.
- F. None of above. chosen
Provenance (5 batches)
The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.
| Step | Stage | Batch ID | Status | When |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| creating | Elicitation | batch_69a88b01e0048190ba96431b5f990ba9 |
completed | March 4, 2026, 7:41 p.m. |
| NER | Named-entity recognition | batch_69abc18ed0708190aa3156e9d35120c3 |
completed | March 7, 2026, 6:11 a.m. |
| NED1 | Entity disambiguation (via context triple) | batch_69ae71d243608190bbfe5784fa06e26b |
completed | March 9, 2026, 7:08 a.m. |
| NEDg | Description generation | batch_69ae728e46608190b4192519c705bc32 |
completed | March 9, 2026, 7:11 a.m. |
| NED2 | Entity disambiguation (via description) | batch_69ae72ff572081909b7c4aebb9e26180 |
completed | March 9, 2026, 7:13 a.m. |
Created at: March 4, 2026, 7:48 p.m.