Triple
T2136217
| Position | Surface form | Disambiguated ID | Type / Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subject | Wolfgang Pauli |
E46659
|
entity |
| Predicate | knownFor |
P22
|
FINISHED |
| Object |
Pauli–Villars regularization
Pauli–Villars regularization is a technique in quantum field theory that controls ultraviolet divergences by introducing auxiliary heavy fields to render integrals finite.
|
E237107
|
NE FINISHED |
How this triple was built (4 steps)
Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.
NER
Named-entity recognition
gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Pauli–Villars regularization | Statement: [Wolfgang Pauli, knownFor, Pauli–Villars regularization]
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Pauli–Villars regularization Context triple: [Wolfgang Pauli, knownFor, Pauli–Villars regularization]
-
A.
Gell-Mann–Low theorem
The Gell-Mann–Low theorem is a fundamental result in quantum field theory that rigorously connects interacting quantum fields to free fields via the adiabatic switching-on of interactions, underpinning the use of perturbation theory and the Dyson series.
-
B.
Schwinger–Dyson equations
The Schwinger–Dyson equations are a set of integral equations in quantum field theory that relate correlation functions and encode the full dynamics of a quantum field.
-
C.
Euclidean quantum field theory
Euclidean quantum field theory is a formulation of quantum field theory in imaginary (Euclidean) time that enables rigorous mathematical treatment and path-integral representations closely connected to statistical mechanics.
-
D.
Infeld–van der Waerden formalism
The Infeld–van der Waerden formalism is a mathematical framework in general relativity that reformulates the theory using spinor calculus to describe gravitational and electromagnetic fields.
-
E.
Green–Schwarz mechanism
The Green–Schwarz mechanism is a key anomaly-cancellation process in string theory that ensures the mathematical consistency of certain superstring models by eliminating gauge and gravitational anomalies.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg
Description generation
gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. # Instructions Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential. # Response Format Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Pauli–Villars regularization Triple: [Wolfgang Pauli, knownFor, Pauli–Villars regularization]
Generated description
Pauli–Villars regularization is a technique in quantum field theory that controls ultraviolet divergences by introducing auxiliary heavy fields to render integrals finite.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Pauli–Villars regularization Target entity description: Pauli–Villars regularization is a technique in quantum field theory that controls ultraviolet divergences by introducing auxiliary heavy fields to render integrals finite.
-
A.
Gell-Mann–Low theorem
The Gell-Mann–Low theorem is a fundamental result in quantum field theory that rigorously connects interacting quantum fields to free fields via the adiabatic switching-on of interactions, underpinning the use of perturbation theory and the Dyson series.
-
B.
Schwinger–Dyson equations
The Schwinger–Dyson equations are a set of integral equations in quantum field theory that relate correlation functions and encode the full dynamics of a quantum field.
-
C.
Euclidean quantum field theory
Euclidean quantum field theory is a formulation of quantum field theory in imaginary (Euclidean) time that enables rigorous mathematical treatment and path-integral representations closely connected to statistical mechanics.
-
D.
Infeld–van der Waerden formalism
The Infeld–van der Waerden formalism is a mathematical framework in general relativity that reformulates the theory using spinor calculus to describe gravitational and electromagnetic fields.
-
E.
Green–Schwarz mechanism
The Green–Schwarz mechanism is a key anomaly-cancellation process in string theory that ensures the mathematical consistency of certain superstring models by eliminating gauge and gravitational anomalies.
- F. None of above. chosen
Provenance (5 batches)
The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.
| Step | Stage | Batch ID | Status | When |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| creating | Elicitation | batch_69a88a174ab48190a5db20c132e5dccf |
completed | March 4, 2026, 7:37 p.m. |
| NER | Named-entity recognition | batch_69abbdc4ce8c81908d143d5451681e6a |
completed | March 7, 2026, 5:55 a.m. |
| NED1 | Entity disambiguation (via context triple) | batch_69ae51acc0f88190a580e29d887170ec |
completed | March 9, 2026, 4:50 a.m. |
| NEDg | Description generation | batch_69ae5322097c81909d77d54ae258ab1a |
completed | March 9, 2026, 4:57 a.m. |
| NED2 | Entity disambiguation (via description) | batch_69ae5365cd808190aa8363b612ef0ec5 |
completed | March 9, 2026, 4:58 a.m. |
Created at: March 4, 2026, 7:44 p.m.