Triple

T2093718
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Arnold Sommerfeld E32730 entity
Predicate knownFor P22 FINISHED
Object Sommerfeld quantization rules
Sommerfeld quantization rules are an early quantum theory refinement of Bohr’s model that quantize electron motion in elliptical orbits using action integrals, helping to explain fine-structure details in atomic spectra.
E234760 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Sommerfeld quantization rules | Statement: [Arnold Sommerfeld, knownFor, Sommerfeld quantization rules]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Sommerfeld quantization rules
Context triple: [Arnold Sommerfeld, knownFor, Sommerfeld quantization rules]
  • A. Vorlesungen über Atommechanik
    Vorlesungen über Atommechanik is a foundational early 20th-century textbook on quantum theory and atomic mechanics written by physicist Max Born.
  • B. Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory
    Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory is a fundamental method in quantum mechanics for approximating the energies and states of a system by treating interactions as small corrections to an exactly solvable problem.
  • C. Quantum Mechanics (with Philip M. Morse)
    "Quantum Mechanics (with Philip M. Morse)" is a foundational early 20th-century textbook on quantum theory co-authored by physicists Edward Condon and Philip M. Morse.
  • D. The Principles of Quantum Mechanics
    The Principles of Quantum Mechanics is a foundational 1930 textbook by Paul Dirac that rigorously formalized quantum theory and introduced key concepts such as bra–ket notation.
  • E. Theory of Atomic Spectra (1935)
    Theory of Atomic Spectra (1935) is a foundational physics monograph by Edward Condon that systematically develops the quantum-mechanical theory underlying atomic spectral lines and their structure.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Sommerfeld quantization rules
Triple: [Arnold Sommerfeld, knownFor, Sommerfeld quantization rules]
Generated description
Sommerfeld quantization rules are an early quantum theory refinement of Bohr’s model that quantize electron motion in elliptical orbits using action integrals, helping to explain fine-structure details in atomic spectra.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Sommerfeld quantization rules
Target entity description: Sommerfeld quantization rules are an early quantum theory refinement of Bohr’s model that quantize electron motion in elliptical orbits using action integrals, helping to explain fine-structure details in atomic spectra.
  • A. Vorlesungen über Atommechanik
    Vorlesungen über Atommechanik is a foundational early 20th-century textbook on quantum theory and atomic mechanics written by physicist Max Born.
  • B. Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory
    Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory is a fundamental method in quantum mechanics for approximating the energies and states of a system by treating interactions as small corrections to an exactly solvable problem.
  • C. Quantum Mechanics (with Philip M. Morse)
    "Quantum Mechanics (with Philip M. Morse)" is a foundational early 20th-century textbook on quantum theory co-authored by physicists Edward Condon and Philip M. Morse.
  • D. The Principles of Quantum Mechanics
    The Principles of Quantum Mechanics is a foundational 1930 textbook by Paul Dirac that rigorously formalized quantum theory and introduced key concepts such as bra–ket notation.
  • E. Theory of Atomic Spectra (1935)
    Theory of Atomic Spectra (1935) is a foundational physics monograph by Edward Condon that systematically develops the quantum-mechanical theory underlying atomic spectral lines and their structure.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69a885eba0708190999696a45cbec816 completed March 4, 2026, 7:20 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69abba98c32081908a243bc7088a1510 completed March 7, 2026, 5:41 a.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69ae305aacc08190904a358fc4207075 completed March 9, 2026, 2:28 a.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69ae30e0411c81908cd19bf8d3525056 completed March 9, 2026, 2:30 a.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69ae31871d408190a4ae64372660fa79 completed March 9, 2026, 2:33 a.m.
Created at: March 4, 2026, 7:43 p.m.