Triple

T2093717
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Arnold Sommerfeld E32730 entity
Predicate knownFor P22 FINISHED
Object Sommerfeld fine-structure formula
The Sommerfeld fine-structure formula is a relativistic extension of the Bohr model that accurately predicts the fine-structure energy levels of the hydrogen atom.
E234759 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Sommerfeld fine-structure formula | Statement: [Arnold Sommerfeld, knownFor, Sommerfeld fine-structure formula]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Sommerfeld fine-structure formula
Context triple: [Arnold Sommerfeld, knownFor, Sommerfeld fine-structure formula]
  • A. Rydberg constant
    The Rydberg constant is a fundamental physical constant that characterizes the limiting value of the highest wavenumber (or lowest wavelength) of any photon that can be emitted from the hydrogen atom, playing a key role in atomic spectroscopy and quantum theory.
  • B. Stark effect
    The Stark effect is the splitting and shifting of atomic or molecular spectral lines caused by an external electric field.
  • C. Klein–Nishina formula
    The Klein–Nishina formula is a fundamental result in quantum electrodynamics that gives the differential cross section for Compton scattering of photons by free electrons, incorporating relativistic and quantum effects.
  • D. Zeeman effect
    The Zeeman effect is the splitting of atomic or molecular spectral lines into multiple components when subjected to an external magnetic field, revealing information about energy levels and magnetic moments.
  • E. Feynman–Hellmann theorem
    The Feynman–Hellmann theorem is a result in quantum mechanics that relates the derivative of an energy eigenvalue with respect to a parameter in the Hamiltonian to the expectation value of the corresponding derivative of the Hamiltonian.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Sommerfeld fine-structure formula
Triple: [Arnold Sommerfeld, knownFor, Sommerfeld fine-structure formula]
Generated description
The Sommerfeld fine-structure formula is a relativistic extension of the Bohr model that accurately predicts the fine-structure energy levels of the hydrogen atom.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Sommerfeld fine-structure formula
Target entity description: The Sommerfeld fine-structure formula is a relativistic extension of the Bohr model that accurately predicts the fine-structure energy levels of the hydrogen atom.
  • A. Rydberg constant
    The Rydberg constant is a fundamental physical constant that characterizes the limiting value of the highest wavenumber (or lowest wavelength) of any photon that can be emitted from the hydrogen atom, playing a key role in atomic spectroscopy and quantum theory.
  • B. Stark effect
    The Stark effect is the splitting and shifting of atomic or molecular spectral lines caused by an external electric field.
  • C. Klein–Nishina formula
    The Klein–Nishina formula is a fundamental result in quantum electrodynamics that gives the differential cross section for Compton scattering of photons by free electrons, incorporating relativistic and quantum effects.
  • D. Zeeman effect
    The Zeeman effect is the splitting of atomic or molecular spectral lines into multiple components when subjected to an external magnetic field, revealing information about energy levels and magnetic moments.
  • E. Feynman–Hellmann theorem
    The Feynman–Hellmann theorem is a result in quantum mechanics that relates the derivative of an energy eigenvalue with respect to a parameter in the Hamiltonian to the expectation value of the corresponding derivative of the Hamiltonian.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69a885eba0708190999696a45cbec816 completed March 4, 2026, 7:20 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69abba98c32081908a243bc7088a1510 completed March 7, 2026, 5:41 a.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69ae305aacc08190904a358fc4207075 completed March 9, 2026, 2:28 a.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69ae30e0411c81908cd19bf8d3525056 completed March 9, 2026, 2:30 a.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69ae31871d408190a4ae64372660fa79 completed March 9, 2026, 2:33 a.m.
Created at: March 4, 2026, 7:43 p.m.