Triple
T17181646
| Position | Surface form | Disambiguated ID | Type / Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subject | Bremsstrahlung |
E416995
|
entity |
| Predicate | isSubjectOf |
P380
|
FINISHED |
| Object |
Bethe-Heitler theory
The Bethe-Heitler theory is a quantum electrodynamics framework that quantitatively describes high-energy bremsstrahlung and electron–positron pair production in the electromagnetic fields of atomic nuclei.
|
E1254717
|
NE FINISHED |
How this triple was built (4 steps)
Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.
NER
Named-entity recognition
gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Bethe-Heitler theory | Statement: [Bremsstrahlung, isSubjectOf, Bethe-Heitler theory]
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Bethe-Heitler theory Context triple: [Bremsstrahlung, isSubjectOf, Bethe-Heitler theory]
-
A.
Klein–Nishina formula
The Klein–Nishina formula is a fundamental result in quantum electrodynamics that gives the differential cross section for Compton scattering of photons by free electrons, incorporating relativistic and quantum effects.
-
B.
Bhabha–Heitler theory of cascade showers
The Bhabha–Heitler theory of cascade showers is a foundational quantum electrodynamics model that explains how high-energy cosmic rays generate particle cascades as they interact with matter and radiation in the atmosphere.
-
C.
Gamow–Teller theory
Gamow–Teller theory is a refinement of beta decay theory that incorporates nuclear spin and parity changes by introducing axial-vector (spin-dependent) weak interactions alongside Fermi’s vector interactions.
-
D.
Bethe formula for stopping power
The Bethe formula for stopping power is a fundamental equation in particle physics that quantifies the energy loss of fast charged particles as they pass through matter.
-
E.
Bhabha scattering
Bhabha scattering is the quantum electrodynamics process describing electron–positron scattering, fundamental for testing QED and measuring collider luminosities.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg
Description generation
gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. # Instructions Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential. # Response Format Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Bethe-Heitler theory Triple: [Bremsstrahlung, isSubjectOf, Bethe-Heitler theory]
Generated description
The Bethe-Heitler theory is a quantum electrodynamics framework that quantitatively describes high-energy bremsstrahlung and electron–positron pair production in the electromagnetic fields of atomic nuclei.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Bethe-Heitler theory Target entity description: The Bethe-Heitler theory is a quantum electrodynamics framework that quantitatively describes high-energy bremsstrahlung and electron–positron pair production in the electromagnetic fields of atomic nuclei.
-
A.
Klein–Nishina formula
The Klein–Nishina formula is a fundamental result in quantum electrodynamics that gives the differential cross section for Compton scattering of photons by free electrons, incorporating relativistic and quantum effects.
-
B.
Bhabha–Heitler theory of cascade showers
The Bhabha–Heitler theory of cascade showers is a foundational quantum electrodynamics model that explains how high-energy cosmic rays generate particle cascades as they interact with matter and radiation in the atmosphere.
-
C.
Gamow–Teller theory
Gamow–Teller theory is a refinement of beta decay theory that incorporates nuclear spin and parity changes by introducing axial-vector (spin-dependent) weak interactions alongside Fermi’s vector interactions.
-
D.
Bethe formula for stopping power
The Bethe formula for stopping power is a fundamental equation in particle physics that quantifies the energy loss of fast charged particles as they pass through matter.
-
E.
Bhabha scattering
Bhabha scattering is the quantum electrodynamics process describing electron–positron scattering, fundamental for testing QED and measuring collider luminosities.
- F. None of above. chosen
Provenance (5 batches)
The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.
| Step | Stage | Batch ID | Status | When |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| creating | Elicitation | batch_69d886d5f34c8190b24564dfaa63f3fb |
completed | April 10, 2026, 5:12 a.m. |
| NER | Named-entity recognition | batch_69e3fc1187808190aeaa0d0e6487957e |
completed | April 18, 2026, 9:48 p.m. |
| NED1 | Entity disambiguation (via context triple) | batch_6a014847a19481909b1249c2fe428bfc |
completed | May 11, 2026, 3:08 a.m. |
| NEDg | Description generation | batch_6a014cf269b48190bf58eb71a9fec897 |
completed | May 11, 2026, 3:28 a.m. |
| NED2 | Entity disambiguation (via description) | batch_6a014d5d10b4819086969145c2d4fb56 |
completed | May 11, 2026, 3:30 a.m. |
Created at: April 10, 2026, 5:37 a.m.