Triple

T17181646
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Bremsstrahlung E416995 entity
Predicate isSubjectOf P380 FINISHED
Object Bethe-Heitler theory
The Bethe-Heitler theory is a quantum electrodynamics framework that quantitatively describes high-energy bremsstrahlung and electron–positron pair production in the electromagnetic fields of atomic nuclei.
E1254717 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Bethe-Heitler theory | Statement: [Bremsstrahlung, isSubjectOf, Bethe-Heitler theory]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Bethe-Heitler theory
Context triple: [Bremsstrahlung, isSubjectOf, Bethe-Heitler theory]
  • A. Klein–Nishina formula
    The Klein–Nishina formula is a fundamental result in quantum electrodynamics that gives the differential cross section for Compton scattering of photons by free electrons, incorporating relativistic and quantum effects.
  • B. Bhabha–Heitler theory of cascade showers
    The Bhabha–Heitler theory of cascade showers is a foundational quantum electrodynamics model that explains how high-energy cosmic rays generate particle cascades as they interact with matter and radiation in the atmosphere.
  • C. Gamow–Teller theory
    Gamow–Teller theory is a refinement of beta decay theory that incorporates nuclear spin and parity changes by introducing axial-vector (spin-dependent) weak interactions alongside Fermi’s vector interactions.
  • D. Bethe formula for stopping power
    The Bethe formula for stopping power is a fundamental equation in particle physics that quantifies the energy loss of fast charged particles as they pass through matter.
  • E. Bhabha scattering
    Bhabha scattering is the quantum electrodynamics process describing electron–positron scattering, fundamental for testing QED and measuring collider luminosities.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Bethe-Heitler theory
Triple: [Bremsstrahlung, isSubjectOf, Bethe-Heitler theory]
Generated description
The Bethe-Heitler theory is a quantum electrodynamics framework that quantitatively describes high-energy bremsstrahlung and electron–positron pair production in the electromagnetic fields of atomic nuclei.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Bethe-Heitler theory
Target entity description: The Bethe-Heitler theory is a quantum electrodynamics framework that quantitatively describes high-energy bremsstrahlung and electron–positron pair production in the electromagnetic fields of atomic nuclei.
  • A. Klein–Nishina formula
    The Klein–Nishina formula is a fundamental result in quantum electrodynamics that gives the differential cross section for Compton scattering of photons by free electrons, incorporating relativistic and quantum effects.
  • B. Bhabha–Heitler theory of cascade showers
    The Bhabha–Heitler theory of cascade showers is a foundational quantum electrodynamics model that explains how high-energy cosmic rays generate particle cascades as they interact with matter and radiation in the atmosphere.
  • C. Gamow–Teller theory
    Gamow–Teller theory is a refinement of beta decay theory that incorporates nuclear spin and parity changes by introducing axial-vector (spin-dependent) weak interactions alongside Fermi’s vector interactions.
  • D. Bethe formula for stopping power
    The Bethe formula for stopping power is a fundamental equation in particle physics that quantifies the energy loss of fast charged particles as they pass through matter.
  • E. Bhabha scattering
    Bhabha scattering is the quantum electrodynamics process describing electron–positron scattering, fundamental for testing QED and measuring collider luminosities.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69d886d5f34c8190b24564dfaa63f3fb completed April 10, 2026, 5:12 a.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69e3fc1187808190aeaa0d0e6487957e completed April 18, 2026, 9:48 p.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_6a014847a19481909b1249c2fe428bfc completed May 11, 2026, 3:08 a.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_6a014cf269b48190bf58eb71a9fec897 completed May 11, 2026, 3:28 a.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_6a014d5d10b4819086969145c2d4fb56 completed May 11, 2026, 3:30 a.m.
Created at: April 10, 2026, 5:37 a.m.