Triple

T16614203
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Alexei Kitaev E403650 entity
Predicate notableWork P4 FINISHED
Object toric code model
The toric code model is a foundational exactly solvable model in quantum error correction and topological quantum computation, illustrating how anyonic excitations and topological order can protect quantum information.
E1223605 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: toric code model | Statement: [Alexei Kitaev, notableWork, toric code model]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: toric code model
Context triple: [Alexei Kitaev, notableWork, toric code model]
  • A. Jordan–Wigner transformation
    The Jordan–Wigner transformation is a mathematical mapping in quantum many-body physics that converts spin operators into fermionic creation and annihilation operators, enabling the study of spin systems using fermionic methods.
  • B. Kac ring model
    The Kac ring model is a simplified mathematical model in statistical mechanics introduced by Mark Kac to illustrate how macroscopic irreversibility can emerge from time-reversible microscopic dynamics.
  • C. Heisenberg model
    The Heisenberg model is a fundamental theoretical framework in quantum mechanics and condensed matter physics that describes interacting spins on a lattice and underpins much of our understanding of magnetism in materials.
  • D. Tonks–Girardeau model
    The Tonks–Girardeau model describes a one-dimensional gas of impenetrable (hard-core) bosons that can be exactly mapped to non-interacting fermions, serving as a fundamental example of strongly correlated quantum many-body physics.
  • E. Kramers–Wannier duality in the Ising model
    Kramers–Wannier duality in the Ising model is a mathematical transformation that relates the high-temperature and low-temperature phases of the two-dimensional Ising model, revealing the location of its critical point and illustrating a deep symmetry between ordered and disordered states.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: toric code model
Triple: [Alexei Kitaev, notableWork, toric code model]
Generated description
The toric code model is a foundational exactly solvable model in quantum error correction and topological quantum computation, illustrating how anyonic excitations and topological order can protect quantum information.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: toric code model
Target entity description: The toric code model is a foundational exactly solvable model in quantum error correction and topological quantum computation, illustrating how anyonic excitations and topological order can protect quantum information.
  • A. Jordan–Wigner transformation
    The Jordan–Wigner transformation is a mathematical mapping in quantum many-body physics that converts spin operators into fermionic creation and annihilation operators, enabling the study of spin systems using fermionic methods.
  • B. Kac ring model
    The Kac ring model is a simplified mathematical model in statistical mechanics introduced by Mark Kac to illustrate how macroscopic irreversibility can emerge from time-reversible microscopic dynamics.
  • C. Heisenberg model
    The Heisenberg model is a fundamental theoretical framework in quantum mechanics and condensed matter physics that describes interacting spins on a lattice and underpins much of our understanding of magnetism in materials.
  • D. Tonks–Girardeau model
    The Tonks–Girardeau model describes a one-dimensional gas of impenetrable (hard-core) bosons that can be exactly mapped to non-interacting fermions, serving as a fundamental example of strongly correlated quantum many-body physics.
  • E. Kramers–Wannier duality in the Ising model
    Kramers–Wannier duality in the Ising model is a mathematical transformation that relates the high-temperature and low-temperature phases of the two-dimensional Ising model, revealing the location of its critical point and illustrating a deep symmetry between ordered and disordered states.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69d883897eb481909eaaa088ba9918d9 completed April 10, 2026, 4:58 a.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69e360983d2c8190b1fe7f18aedfbde1 completed April 18, 2026, 10:44 a.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_6a0075aeaa9881908bdef0f9f2b52e60 completed May 10, 2026, 12:10 p.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_6a007705f57881908b07a20ae8957c64 completed May 10, 2026, 12:16 p.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_6a007b18f0b08190a9ddc6ad7358d6b8 completed May 10, 2026, 12:33 p.m.
Created at: April 10, 2026, 5:17 a.m.