Triple
T16609001
| Position | Surface form | Disambiguated ID | Type / Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subject | Bhabha–Heitler theory of cascade showers |
E403516
|
entity |
| Predicate | relatedTo |
P37
|
FINISHED |
| Object |
Heitler model of electromagnetic showers
The Heitler model of electromagnetic showers is a simplified theoretical framework that describes how high-energy electrons and photons produce cascading particle showers as they propagate through matter.
|
E403516
|
NE FINISHED |
How this triple was built (4 steps)
Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.
NER
Named-entity recognition
gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Heitler model of electromagnetic showers | Statement: [Bhabha–Heitler theory of cascade showers, relatedTo, Heitler model of electromagnetic showers]
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Heitler model of electromagnetic showers Context triple: [Bhabha–Heitler theory of cascade showers, relatedTo, Heitler model of electromagnetic showers]
-
A.
Bhabha–Heitler theory of cascade showers
The Bhabha–Heitler theory of cascade showers is a foundational quantum electrodynamics model that explains how high-energy cosmic rays generate particle cascades as they interact with matter and radiation in the atmosphere.
-
B.
Bethe formula for stopping power
The Bethe formula for stopping power is a fundamental equation in particle physics that quantifies the energy loss of fast charged particles as they pass through matter.
-
C.
Radiation through a Foggy Atmosphere
"Radiation through a Foggy Atmosphere" is a scientific work by physicist Arthur Schuster that analyzes how radiation propagates and is scattered in a fog-filled or turbid atmosphere.
-
D.
Theory of Atomic Collisions
Theory of Atomic Collisions is a foundational physics monograph that systematically analyzes the quantum-mechanical processes governing collisions between atomic and subatomic particles.
-
E.
Bethe–Feynman formula for nuclear explosions
The Bethe–Feynman formula for nuclear explosions is a theoretical expression developed by Hans Bethe and Richard Feynman that estimates the energy yield and behavior of nuclear detonations based on fundamental physical parameters of the device.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg
Description generation
gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. # Instructions Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential. # Response Format Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Heitler model of electromagnetic showers Triple: [Bhabha–Heitler theory of cascade showers, relatedTo, Heitler model of electromagnetic showers]
Generated description
The Heitler model of electromagnetic showers is a simplified theoretical framework that describes how high-energy electrons and photons produce cascading particle showers as they propagate through matter.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Heitler model of electromagnetic showers Target entity description: The Heitler model of electromagnetic showers is a simplified theoretical framework that describes how high-energy electrons and photons produce cascading particle showers as they propagate through matter.
-
A.
Bhabha–Heitler theory of cascade showers
chosen
The Bhabha–Heitler theory of cascade showers is a foundational quantum electrodynamics model that explains how high-energy cosmic rays generate particle cascades as they interact with matter and radiation in the atmosphere.
-
B.
Bethe formula for stopping power
The Bethe formula for stopping power is a fundamental equation in particle physics that quantifies the energy loss of fast charged particles as they pass through matter.
-
C.
Radiation through a Foggy Atmosphere
"Radiation through a Foggy Atmosphere" is a scientific work by physicist Arthur Schuster that analyzes how radiation propagates and is scattered in a fog-filled or turbid atmosphere.
-
D.
Theory of Atomic Collisions
Theory of Atomic Collisions is a foundational physics monograph that systematically analyzes the quantum-mechanical processes governing collisions between atomic and subatomic particles.
-
E.
Bethe–Feynman formula for nuclear explosions
The Bethe–Feynman formula for nuclear explosions is a theoretical expression developed by Hans Bethe and Richard Feynman that estimates the energy yield and behavior of nuclear detonations based on fundamental physical parameters of the device.
- F. None of above.
Provenance (5 batches)
The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.
| Step | Stage | Batch ID | Status | When |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| creating | Elicitation | batch_69d883880d0c81908b5fcd454e767b60 |
completed | April 10, 2026, 4:58 a.m. |
| NER | Named-entity recognition | batch_69e36094920881908051eb0a52e08440 |
completed | April 18, 2026, 10:44 a.m. |
| NED1 | Entity disambiguation (via context triple) | batch_6a0075aa79408190b395d4cd9c6c1cb7 |
completed | May 10, 2026, 12:10 p.m. |
| NEDg | Description generation | batch_6a00768e9720819094d4e11ee1e100d6 |
completed | May 10, 2026, 12:14 p.m. |
| NED2 | Entity disambiguation (via description) | batch_6a007734abd481909c9c698f2aef7632 |
completed | May 10, 2026, 12:16 p.m. |
Created at: April 10, 2026, 5:17 a.m.