Triple

T16445664
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Abraham Robinson E399416 entity
Predicate notableWork P4 FINISHED
Object Non-standard Analysis
Non-standard Analysis is a branch of mathematical logic and analysis that rigorously formalizes infinitesimals and infinite numbers to provide an alternative foundation for calculus and real analysis.
E1213869 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Non-standard Analysis | Statement: [Abraham Robinson, notableWork, Non-standard Analysis]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Non-standard Analysis
Context triple: [Abraham Robinson, notableWork, Non-standard Analysis]
  • A. Functional Analysis: Introduction to Further Topics in Analysis
    "Functional Analysis: Introduction to Further Topics in Analysis" is an advanced graduate-level textbook by Elias Stein that develops modern functional analysis with applications to areas such as operator theory, harmonic analysis, and partial differential equations.
  • B. Foundations of Modern Analysis
    Foundations of Modern Analysis is a classic graduate-level textbook that systematically develops modern mathematical analysis using rigorous, abstract methods and functional analysis.
  • C. Foundations of Functional Analysis
    Foundations of Functional Analysis is a seminal mathematical text that systematically develops the core concepts and theorems of functional analysis, particularly in the tradition of the Riesz school.
  • D. Surreal numbers
    Surreal numbers are a class of numbers introduced by John H. Conway that form an extensive ordered field encompassing the real numbers, infinite quantities, and infinitesimals within a unified framework.
  • E. Littlewood’s three principles of real analysis
    Littlewood’s three principles of real analysis are a set of heuristic guidelines that clarify how measurable sets and functions can be approximated and simplified, emphasizing that they are nearly finite, nearly countable, and nearly continuous.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Non-standard Analysis
Triple: [Abraham Robinson, notableWork, Non-standard Analysis]
Generated description
Non-standard Analysis is a branch of mathematical logic and analysis that rigorously formalizes infinitesimals and infinite numbers to provide an alternative foundation for calculus and real analysis.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Non-standard Analysis
Target entity description: Non-standard Analysis is a branch of mathematical logic and analysis that rigorously formalizes infinitesimals and infinite numbers to provide an alternative foundation for calculus and real analysis.
  • A. Functional Analysis: Introduction to Further Topics in Analysis
    "Functional Analysis: Introduction to Further Topics in Analysis" is an advanced graduate-level textbook by Elias Stein that develops modern functional analysis with applications to areas such as operator theory, harmonic analysis, and partial differential equations.
  • B. Foundations of Modern Analysis
    Foundations of Modern Analysis is a classic graduate-level textbook that systematically develops modern mathematical analysis using rigorous, abstract methods and functional analysis.
  • C. Foundations of Functional Analysis
    Foundations of Functional Analysis is a seminal mathematical text that systematically develops the core concepts and theorems of functional analysis, particularly in the tradition of the Riesz school.
  • D. Surreal numbers
    Surreal numbers are a class of numbers introduced by John H. Conway that form an extensive ordered field encompassing the real numbers, infinite quantities, and infinitesimals within a unified framework.
  • E. Littlewood’s three principles of real analysis
    Littlewood’s three principles of real analysis are a set of heuristic guidelines that clarify how measurable sets and functions can be approximated and simplified, emphasizing that they are nearly finite, nearly countable, and nearly continuous.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69d87f2c6778819080fcfae53be8f12a completed April 10, 2026, 4:40 a.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69e32cdb5d908190bb6c5cb3c794cf4b completed April 18, 2026, 7:03 a.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_6a0045922d748190bb3200c96f244149 completed May 10, 2026, 8:45 a.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_6a00473d31308190ab836c09da2a82da completed May 10, 2026, 8:52 a.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_6a0047b4b6688190afef52b39788ceae completed May 10, 2026, 8:54 a.m.
Created at: April 10, 2026, 5:10 a.m.