Triple

T1509687
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Gerald Guralnik E33984 entity
Predicate notableWork P4 FINISHED
Object “Global Conservation Laws and Massless Particles”
“Global Conservation Laws and Massless Particles” is a seminal theoretical physics paper by Gerald Guralnik that contributed to the understanding of spontaneous symmetry breaking and the origin of mass in quantum field theory.
E173203 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: “Global Conservation Laws and Massless Particles” | Statement: [Gerald Guralnik, notableWork, “Global Conservation Laws and Massless Particles”]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: “Global Conservation Laws and Massless Particles”
Context triple: [Gerald Guralnik, notableWork, “Global Conservation Laws and Massless Particles”]
  • A. Weyl’s gauge theory
    Weyl’s gauge theory is an early 20th-century theoretical framework that introduced the concept of local gauge invariance, laying foundational ideas for modern gauge theories in particle physics.
  • B. Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED
    Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED is a landmark theoretical result that rigorously demonstrated the mathematical consistency and mutual compatibility of different approaches to quantum electrodynamics.
  • C. Noether's theorem
    Noether's theorem is a fundamental result in theoretical physics and mathematics that links continuous symmetries of a physical system to corresponding conservation laws, such as energy or momentum conservation.
  • D. The Quantum Theory of Fields
    The Quantum Theory of Fields is Steven Weinberg’s influential multi-volume textbook that systematically develops modern quantum field theory and its applications to particle physics.
  • E. Introduction to High-Energy Physics (lectures and writings)
    "Introduction to High-Energy Physics (lectures and writings)" is a foundational educational work by physicist Bruno Rossi that systematically presents the principles, experimental methods, and key discoveries of high-energy particle physics.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: “Global Conservation Laws and Massless Particles”
Triple: [Gerald Guralnik, notableWork, “Global Conservation Laws and Massless Particles”]
Generated description
“Global Conservation Laws and Massless Particles” is a seminal theoretical physics paper by Gerald Guralnik that contributed to the understanding of spontaneous symmetry breaking and the origin of mass in quantum field theory.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: “Global Conservation Laws and Massless Particles”
Target entity description: “Global Conservation Laws and Massless Particles” is a seminal theoretical physics paper by Gerald Guralnik that contributed to the understanding of spontaneous symmetry breaking and the origin of mass in quantum field theory.
  • A. Weyl’s gauge theory
    Weyl’s gauge theory is an early 20th-century theoretical framework that introduced the concept of local gauge invariance, laying foundational ideas for modern gauge theories in particle physics.
  • B. Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED
    Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED is a landmark theoretical result that rigorously demonstrated the mathematical consistency and mutual compatibility of different approaches to quantum electrodynamics.
  • C. Noether's theorem
    Noether's theorem is a fundamental result in theoretical physics and mathematics that links continuous symmetries of a physical system to corresponding conservation laws, such as energy or momentum conservation.
  • D. The Quantum Theory of Fields
    The Quantum Theory of Fields is Steven Weinberg’s influential multi-volume textbook that systematically develops modern quantum field theory and its applications to particle physics.
  • E. Introduction to High-Energy Physics (lectures and writings)
    "Introduction to High-Energy Physics (lectures and writings)" is a foundational educational work by physicist Bruno Rossi that systematically presents the principles, experimental methods, and key discoveries of high-energy particle physics.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69a885f352a4819099b24ff15489dede completed March 4, 2026, 7:20 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69a8891e9da881909d0b12f1bc05863f completed March 4, 2026, 7:33 p.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69ad233c254c8190b52b34526c9cb3cb completed March 8, 2026, 7:20 a.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69ad242d20448190a27ff7414d9cff21 completed March 8, 2026, 7:24 a.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69ad24e6e9688190a20c67c181936e98 completed March 8, 2026, 7:27 a.m.
Created at: March 4, 2026, 7:24 p.m.