Triple

Target entity: Umayyad Caliphate
Context triple: [Second Arab siege of Constantinople (717–718), belligerent, Umayyad Caliphate]

• A. Umayyad Caliphate chosen
  The Umayyad Caliphate was an early Islamic empire (661–750 CE) that rapidly expanded from the Iberian Peninsula to Central Asia, establishing Arabic as an administrative language and shaping the political and cultural foundations of the Arab-Islamic world.
• B. Rashidun Caliphate
  The Rashidun Caliphate was the first Islamic caliphate established after the death of the Prophet Muhammad, rapidly expanding Arab Muslim rule across the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Asia under the leadership of the “Rightly Guided” caliphs.
• C. Abbasid Caliphate
  The Abbasid Caliphate was a major Islamic dynasty that ruled from the mid-8th to the 13th century, overseeing a golden age of science, culture, and philosophy centered in its capital, Baghdad.
• D. Tahirid dynasty
  The Tahirid dynasty was a Persian Muslim ruling family that governed Khorasan and parts of eastern Iran in the 9th century as semi-autonomous governors under the Abbasid Caliphate.
• E. Caliphate of Córdoba
  The Caliphate of Córdoba was a powerful medieval Islamic state centered in southern Spain that became a major political, economic, and cultural hub of the Western Mediterranean.
• F. None of above.
• G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.