Triple

T1135224
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Julian Schwinger E23122 entity
Predicate notableConcept P201 FINISHED
Object Schwinger model
The Schwinger model is a two-dimensional quantum electrodynamics theory that serves as a exactly solvable toy model for studying phenomena like confinement, chiral symmetry breaking, and anomalies in quantum field theory.
E130663 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Schwinger model | Statement: [Julian Schwinger, notableConcept, Schwinger model]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Schwinger model
Context triple: [Julian Schwinger, notableConcept, Schwinger model]
  • A. Tomonaga–Schwinger equation
    The Tomonaga–Schwinger equation is a relativistic generalization of the Schrödinger equation that formulates quantum field evolution on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces, forming a key part of covariant quantum field theory.
  • B. Schwinger functions
    Schwinger functions are Euclidean-space correlation functions in quantum field theory that encode the theory’s dynamics and can be analytically continued to yield physical Minkowski-space Green’s functions.
  • C. Salam–Weinberg model
    The Salam–Weinberg model is the electroweak theory that unifies the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces within the Standard Model of particle physics.
  • D. Euclidean quantum field theory
    Euclidean quantum field theory is a formulation of quantum field theory in imaginary (Euclidean) time that enables rigorous mathematical treatment and path-integral representations closely connected to statistical mechanics.
  • E. Dirac field
    The Dirac field is a quantum field describing spin-½ fermions, such as electrons and quarks, incorporating both special relativity and quantum mechanics.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Schwinger model
Triple: [Julian Schwinger, notableConcept, Schwinger model]
Generated description
The Schwinger model is a two-dimensional quantum electrodynamics theory that serves as a exactly solvable toy model for studying phenomena like confinement, chiral symmetry breaking, and anomalies in quantum field theory.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Schwinger model
Target entity description: The Schwinger model is a two-dimensional quantum electrodynamics theory that serves as a exactly solvable toy model for studying phenomena like confinement, chiral symmetry breaking, and anomalies in quantum field theory.
  • A. Tomonaga–Schwinger equation
    The Tomonaga–Schwinger equation is a relativistic generalization of the Schrödinger equation that formulates quantum field evolution on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces, forming a key part of covariant quantum field theory.
  • B. Schwinger functions
    Schwinger functions are Euclidean-space correlation functions in quantum field theory that encode the theory’s dynamics and can be analytically continued to yield physical Minkowski-space Green’s functions.
  • C. Salam–Weinberg model
    The Salam–Weinberg model is the electroweak theory that unifies the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces within the Standard Model of particle physics.
  • D. Euclidean quantum field theory
    Euclidean quantum field theory is a formulation of quantum field theory in imaginary (Euclidean) time that enables rigorous mathematical treatment and path-integral representations closely connected to statistical mechanics.
  • E. Dirac field
    The Dirac field is a quantum field describing spin-½ fermions, such as electrons and quarks, incorporating both special relativity and quantum mechanics.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69a493ec75988190b63a11bafaec29b4 completed March 1, 2026, 7:30 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69a4bbfffaa48190b2534ff4da3544ce completed March 1, 2026, 10:21 p.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69ac59ae5f20819093f8acc3ba7a6638 completed March 7, 2026, 5 p.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69ac5b5e2c688190a7d4998a3ed0f443 completed March 7, 2026, 5:07 p.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69ac5bb6e78c8190a34ecbc246f72ff6 completed March 7, 2026, 5:09 p.m.
Created at: March 1, 2026, 7:44 p.m.