Triple
T1135223
| Position | Surface form | Disambiguated ID | Type / Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subject | Julian Schwinger |
E23122
|
entity |
| Predicate | notableConcept |
P201
|
FINISHED |
| Object | Schwinger effect |
E130661
|
NE FINISHED |
How this triple was built (2 steps)
Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.
NER
Named-entity recognition
gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Schwinger effect | Statement: [Julian Schwinger, notableConcept, Schwinger effect]
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Schwinger effect Context triple: [Julian Schwinger, notableConcept, Schwinger effect]
-
A.
Schwinger effect
chosen
The Schwinger effect is a quantum field theory phenomenon in which extremely strong electric fields can spontaneously create particle–antiparticle pairs from the vacuum.
-
B.
Schwinger model
The Schwinger model is a two-dimensional quantum electrodynamics theory that serves as a exactly solvable toy model for studying phenomena like confinement, chiral symmetry breaking, and anomalies in quantum field theory.
-
C.
Dirac sea
The Dirac sea is a theoretical model in quantum physics proposing an infinite "sea" of negative-energy electron states to explain the existence of antimatter and the behavior of relativistic electrons.
-
D.
Schwinger–Dyson equations
The Schwinger–Dyson equations are a set of integral equations in quantum field theory that relate correlation functions and encode the full dynamics of a quantum field.
-
E.
Tomonaga–Schwinger equation
The Tomonaga–Schwinger equation is a relativistic generalization of the Schrödinger equation that formulates quantum field evolution on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces, forming a key part of covariant quantum field theory.
- F. None of above.
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
Provenance (3 batches)
The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.
| Step | Stage | Batch ID | Status | When |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| creating | Elicitation | batch_69a493ec75988190b63a11bafaec29b4 |
completed | March 1, 2026, 7:30 p.m. |
| NER | Named-entity recognition | batch_69a4bbfffaa48190b2534ff4da3544ce |
completed | March 1, 2026, 10:21 p.m. |
| NED1 | Entity disambiguation (via context triple) | batch_69ac5eaf952c81908c45b511f0231340 |
completed | March 7, 2026, 5:21 p.m. |
Created at: March 1, 2026, 7:44 p.m.