Triple

T1135222
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Julian Schwinger E23122 entity
Predicate notableConcept P201 FINISHED
Object Schwinger–Dyson equations E130660 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (2 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Schwinger–Dyson equations | Statement: [Julian Schwinger, notableConcept, Schwinger–Dyson equations]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Schwinger–Dyson equations
Context triple: [Julian Schwinger, notableConcept, Schwinger–Dyson equations]
  • A. Schwinger–Dyson equations chosen
    The Schwinger–Dyson equations are a set of integral equations in quantum field theory that relate correlation functions and encode the full dynamics of a quantum field.
  • B. Tomonaga–Schwinger equation
    The Tomonaga–Schwinger equation is a relativistic generalization of the Schrödinger equation that formulates quantum field evolution on arbitrary spacelike hypersurfaces, forming a key part of covariant quantum field theory.
  • C. Schwinger functions
    Schwinger functions are Euclidean-space correlation functions in quantum field theory that encode the theory’s dynamics and can be analytically continued to yield physical Minkowski-space Green’s functions.
  • D. Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED
    Dyson’s proof of equivalence of Feynman and Schwinger–Tomonaga formulations of QED is a landmark theoretical result that rigorously demonstrated the mathematical consistency and mutual compatibility of different approaches to quantum electrodynamics.
  • E. Schwinger model
    The Schwinger model is a two-dimensional quantum electrodynamics theory that serves as a exactly solvable toy model for studying phenomena like confinement, chiral symmetry breaking, and anomalies in quantum field theory.
  • F. None of above.
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.

Provenance (3 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69a493ec75988190b63a11bafaec29b4 completed March 1, 2026, 7:30 p.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69a4bbfffaa48190b2534ff4da3544ce completed March 1, 2026, 10:21 p.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69ac5eaf952c81908c45b511f0231340 completed March 7, 2026, 5:21 p.m.
Created at: March 1, 2026, 7:44 p.m.