Triple

T10376354
Position Surface form Disambiguated ID Type / Status
Subject Yang–Mills theory E244516 entity
Predicate includesFeature P182 FINISHED
Object Faddeev–Popov ghosts
Faddeev–Popov ghosts are auxiliary, anticommuting fields introduced in the path integral quantization of non-Abelian gauge theories to correctly account for gauge redundancy and maintain unitarity and renormalizability.
E860357 NE FINISHED

How this triple was built (4 steps)

Every LLM step that produced this triple, in pipeline order — named-entity classification, the disambiguation choices (the exact options shown, with the pick highlighted), and the generated description. The batch + timestamp of each is in the Provenance table below.

NER Named-entity recognition gpt-5-mini
Instruction
Given a phrase, classify it is english named entity (e.g., persons, organizations, works of art) in Latin script, or not (e.g., literals, dates, URLs, verbose phrases). For disambiguation, the statement where the phrase occurs as object is also given. Please return a JSON object with `phrase` (string, the phrase being analyzed) and `is_ne` (boolean, indicating whether the phrase is a Named Entity).
Input
Phrase: Faddeev–Popov ghosts | Statement: [Yang–Mills theory, includesFeature, Faddeev–Popov ghosts]
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Faddeev–Popov ghosts
Context triple: [Yang–Mills theory, includesFeature, Faddeev–Popov ghosts]
  • A. Slavnov–Taylor identities
    Slavnov–Taylor identities are relations in non-Abelian gauge theories that generalize Ward identities, ensuring the consistency and renormalizability of gauge-invariant quantum field theories.
  • B. Ward–Takahashi identities
    The Ward–Takahashi identities are fundamental relations in quantum field theory that express the consequences of gauge or global symmetries for Green’s functions and ensure the consistency of renormalization with these symmetries.
  • C. Schwinger–Dyson equations
    The Schwinger–Dyson equations are a set of integral equations in quantum field theory that relate correlation functions and encode the full dynamics of a quantum field.
  • D. Faddeev’s axioms
    Faddeev’s axioms are a set of conditions characterizing Shannon entropy in information theory, providing an alternative but equivalent axiomatization to the Shannon–Khinchin framework.
  • E. Polyakov loop
    The Polyakov loop is a gauge-invariant observable in finite-temperature quantum chromodynamics used to probe confinement and deconfinement phases of quarks and gluons.
  • F. None of above. chosen
  • G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NEDg Description generation gpt-5.1
Instruction
Generate a one-sentence description of the target entity. 
You are given a context triple in the form (subject, predicate, object), where the object is the target entity. 
# Instructions
Use the triple to infer relevant information about the entity. Describe the entity based on what is most defining, well-known. 
Avoid repeating the information from the triple, unless really essential.
# Response Format
Return only the sentence: "Description: [one-sentence description of the target entity]"
Input
Entity: Faddeev–Popov ghosts
Triple: [Yang–Mills theory, includesFeature, Faddeev–Popov ghosts]
Generated description
Faddeev–Popov ghosts are auxiliary, anticommuting fields introduced in the path integral quantization of non-Abelian gauge theories to correctly account for gauge redundancy and maintain unitarity and renormalizability.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Faddeev–Popov ghosts
Target entity description: Faddeev–Popov ghosts are auxiliary, anticommuting fields introduced in the path integral quantization of non-Abelian gauge theories to correctly account for gauge redundancy and maintain unitarity and renormalizability.
  • A. Slavnov–Taylor identities
    Slavnov–Taylor identities are relations in non-Abelian gauge theories that generalize Ward identities, ensuring the consistency and renormalizability of gauge-invariant quantum field theories.
  • B. Ward–Takahashi identities
    The Ward–Takahashi identities are fundamental relations in quantum field theory that express the consequences of gauge or global symmetries for Green’s functions and ensure the consistency of renormalization with these symmetries.
  • C. Schwinger–Dyson equations
    The Schwinger–Dyson equations are a set of integral equations in quantum field theory that relate correlation functions and encode the full dynamics of a quantum field.
  • D. Faddeev’s axioms
    Faddeev’s axioms are a set of conditions characterizing Shannon entropy in information theory, providing an alternative but equivalent axiomatization to the Shannon–Khinchin framework.
  • E. Polyakov loop
    The Polyakov loop is a gauge-invariant observable in finite-temperature quantum chromodynamics used to probe confinement and deconfinement phases of quarks and gluons.
  • F. None of above. chosen

Provenance (5 batches)

The batch behind each pipeline step, in order, with when it ran. Timestamps are batch-level — stages were processed in waves, so the object chain (NER → NED1 → NEDg → NED2) reads in order, but predicate / elicitation batches can sit in a different wave.

Step Stage Batch ID Status When
creating Elicitation batch_69d381b3e328819094b23b8edcd29b5a completed April 6, 2026, 9:49 a.m.
NER Named-entity recognition batch_69d4e98278e08190a4d3ff88b4039e49 completed April 7, 2026, 11:24 a.m.
NED1 Entity disambiguation (via context triple) batch_69d795754570819093747f80e32fffce completed April 9, 2026, 12:03 p.m.
NEDg Description generation batch_69d7bde050ac8190b87a0c81700ad1b1 completed April 9, 2026, 2:55 p.m.
NED2 Entity disambiguation (via description) batch_69d7e60afaf481909a0790c94e323143 completed April 9, 2026, 5:46 p.m.
Created at: April 6, 2026, 12:02 p.m.