Caroline test
E872432
Caroline test is a key principle in international law that sets strict conditions under which a state may lawfully claim self-defense, particularly in anticipatory or preemptive contexts.
Statements (34)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
customary international law rule
ⓘ
principle of international law ⓘ |
| aimsTo |
limit unilateral use of force by states
ⓘ
prevent abusive claims of self-defense ⓘ |
| appliesTo |
anticipatory self-defense
ⓘ
preemptive self-defense ⓘ self-defense in international law ⓘ |
| characterizedBy |
strict necessity requirement
ⓘ
strict proportionality requirement ⓘ |
| consideredAs | stringent standard for lawful self-defense ⓘ |
| consideredBy | international courts and tribunals in self-defense cases ⓘ |
| formsPartOf | customary international law on use of force ⓘ |
| guides |
evaluation of cross-border self-defense operations
ⓘ
evaluation of preemptive military strikes ⓘ |
| hasAlternativeName | Caroline doctrine NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| hasKeyElement |
immediacy
ⓘ
lack of reasonable alternatives ⓘ necessity ⓘ proportionality ⓘ |
| influences | interpretation of Article 51 of the UN Charter ⓘ |
| invokedIn |
academic debates on legality of preemptive war
ⓘ
legal justifications for anticipatory self-defense by states ⓘ |
| legalBasisFor | lawful use of force in anticipatory self-defense ⓘ |
| relatedTo |
customary rules on use of force
ⓘ
doctrine of anticipatory self-defense ⓘ jus ad bellum ⓘ |
| setsCondition |
necessity of self-defense must be instant, overwhelming
ⓘ
necessity of self-defense must leave no choice of means ⓘ necessity of self-defense must leave no moment for deliberation ⓘ self-defense must be proportionate ⓘ use of force must be limited to what is necessary for self-defense ⓘ |
| usedIn |
assessment of legality of cross-border military actions
ⓘ
international legal scholarship on use of force ⓘ state practice on self-defense ⓘ |
Referenced by (1)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.