Treaty of Indian Springs (1825)
E825499
The Treaty of Indian Springs (1825) was a controversial agreement in which Creek leader William McIntosh and a small faction ceded vast Creek lands in Georgia and Alabama to the United States, leading to his execution by fellow Creeks and intensifying Native American dispossession.
All labels observed (1)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Treaty of Indian Springs (1825) canonical | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T9840541 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Treaty of Indian Springs (1825) Context triple: [William McIntosh, knownFor, Treaty of Indian Springs (1825)]
-
A.
Treaty of Fort Finney
The Treaty of Fort Finney was a 1786 agreement in which several Shawnee leaders ceded large tracts of land in the Ohio River Valley to the United States, helping set the stage for escalating conflicts that became the Northwest Indian War.
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B.
Treaty of New Echota (1835)
The Treaty of New Echota (1835) was a controversial agreement, signed by a minority faction of the Cherokee, that ceded Cherokee lands east of the Mississippi River to the United States and led directly to the forced removal known as the Trail of Tears.
-
C.
Treaty of Big Tree
The Treaty of Big Tree was an 1797 agreement in which the Seneca Nation ceded most of its remaining lands in western New York to the United States, profoundly reshaping their territory and future.
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D.
Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek was an 1830 agreement that forced the Choctaw Nation to cede their ancestral lands in the southeastern United States and relocate west of the Mississippi River, marking one of the first major removals under the U.S. Indian Removal policy.
-
E.
Treaty of Doaksville
The Treaty of Doaksville was an 1837 agreement between the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations that defined their territorial and political relationship in Indian Territory following their forced removal from the southeastern United States.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Treaty of Indian Springs (1825) Target entity description: The Treaty of Indian Springs (1825) was a controversial agreement in which Creek leader William McIntosh and a small faction ceded vast Creek lands in Georgia and Alabama to the United States, leading to his execution by fellow Creeks and intensifying Native American dispossession.
-
A.
Treaty of Fort Finney
The Treaty of Fort Finney was a 1786 agreement in which several Shawnee leaders ceded large tracts of land in the Ohio River Valley to the United States, helping set the stage for escalating conflicts that became the Northwest Indian War.
-
B.
Treaty of New Echota (1835)
The Treaty of New Echota (1835) was a controversial agreement, signed by a minority faction of the Cherokee, that ceded Cherokee lands east of the Mississippi River to the United States and led directly to the forced removal known as the Trail of Tears.
-
C.
Treaty of Big Tree
The Treaty of Big Tree was an 1797 agreement in which the Seneca Nation ceded most of its remaining lands in western New York to the United States, profoundly reshaping their territory and future.
-
D.
Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek was an 1830 agreement that forced the Choctaw Nation to cede their ancestral lands in the southeastern United States and relocate west of the Mississippi River, marking one of the first major removals under the U.S. Indian Removal policy.
-
E.
Treaty of Doaksville
The Treaty of Doaksville was an 1837 agreement between the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations that defined their territorial and political relationship in Indian Territory following their forced removal from the southeastern United States.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (45)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf | treaty ⓘ |
| alsoKnownAs | Second Treaty of Indian Springs NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| appliesToTerritory |
Creek lands in Alabama
ⓘ
Creek lands in Georgia ⓘ |
| associatedWithPolicy |
Indian removal policy precursor
ⓘ
U.S. expansionism ⓘ |
| beneficiary |
State of Georgia
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
white settlers in Georgia and Alabama ⓘ |
| causeOfTensionWith |
Creek traditionalist leaders
ⓘ
U.S. federal–state relations over Indian policy ⓘ |
| controversial | true ⓘ |
| country |
United States of America
ⓘ
surface form:
United States
|
| CreekSignatoryLeader |
William McIntosh
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
William McIntosh, Jr. NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| dateSigned | 1825-02-12 ⓘ |
| effectOnCreeks |
forced migration of Creek communities
ⓘ
loss of ancestral homelands ⓘ |
| historicalPeriod | early 19th century United States Indian policy ⓘ |
| historicalSignificance |
example of factionalism within Native nations exploited by U.S. authorities
ⓘ
key step in dispossession of Creeks from Georgia ⓘ |
| ledTo |
accelerated removal of Creeks from Georgia
ⓘ
execution of William McIntosh ⓘ increased internal conflict within Creek Nation ⓘ |
| legalStatus | ratified by United States Senate ⓘ |
| location | Butts County, Georgia NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| opposedBy | majority of Creek National Council ⓘ |
| reasonForControversy |
large-scale land cession under pressure from U.S. and Georgia
ⓘ
signed by minority Creek faction without full national consent ⓘ |
| relatedEthnicGroup | Muscogee (Creek) Nation NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| relatedPlace |
Chattahoochee River region
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
Flint River region NERFINISHED ⓘ central and western Georgia ⓘ eastern Alabama ⓘ |
| relatedToEvent |
execution of William McIntosh in 1825
ⓘ
subsequent Treaty of Washington (1826) NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| replacedBy | Treaty of Washington (1826) NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| result |
cession of most remaining Creek land in Georgia
ⓘ
cession of significant Creek land in Alabama ⓘ dispossession of many Creek people ⓘ |
| signatory |
Creek Nation faction
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
United States government NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| signedAt | Indian Springs, Georgia NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| U.S.Negotiator |
Duncan G. Campbell
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
James Meriwether NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| violatedLawOf | Creek Nation NERFINISHED ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Treaty of Indian Springs (1825) Description of subject: The Treaty of Indian Springs (1825) was a controversial agreement in which Creek leader William McIntosh and a small faction ceded vast Creek lands in Georgia and Alabama to the United States, leading to his execution by fellow Creeks and intensifying Native American dispossession.
Referenced by (1)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.