Battle of Mons Graupius
E553890
The Battle of Mons Graupius was a late 1st-century clash in northern Britain in which Roman forces under Agricola reportedly defeated the Caledonian tribes, marking the high point of Roman military penetration into Scotland.
All labels observed (1)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Battle of Mons Graupius canonical | 4 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T5874102 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Battle of Mons Graupius Context triple: [Roman conquest of Britain, hasPart, Battle of Mons Graupius]
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A.
Battle of Corupedium
The Battle of Corupedium was the final major clash between Alexander the Great’s successors, in which Lysimachus was defeated and killed by Seleucus I in 281 BC, effectively ending the Wars of the Diadochi.
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B.
Battle of Taginae
The Battle of Taginae was a decisive 552 AD clash in the Gothic War in which the Byzantine general Narses defeated and killed the Ostrogothic king Totila, helping to restore imperial control over Italy under Emperor Justinian I.
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C.
Battle of Cibalae
The Battle of Cibalae was a pivotal 314 AD clash between the Roman emperors Constantine I and Licinius that helped secure Constantine’s dominance in the later Roman Empire.
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D.
Battle of Tolbiac
The Battle of Tolbiac was a late 5th-century clash traditionally associated with the Franks’ victory over the Alemanni and the legendary conversion of King Clovis I to Christianity.
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E.
Battle of Baecula
The Battle of Baecula was a major engagement of the Second Punic War in 208 BC in Hispania, where Roman forces under Scipio Africanus defeated a Carthaginian army led by Hasdrubal Barca.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Battle of Mons Graupius Target entity description: The Battle of Mons Graupius was a late 1st-century clash in northern Britain in which Roman forces under Agricola reportedly defeated the Caledonian tribes, marking the high point of Roman military penetration into Scotland.
-
A.
Battle of Corupedium
The Battle of Corupedium was the final major clash between Alexander the Great’s successors, in which Lysimachus was defeated and killed by Seleucus I in 281 BC, effectively ending the Wars of the Diadochi.
-
B.
Battle of Taginae
The Battle of Taginae was a decisive 552 AD clash in the Gothic War in which the Byzantine general Narses defeated and killed the Ostrogothic king Totila, helping to restore imperial control over Italy under Emperor Justinian I.
-
C.
Battle of Cibalae
The Battle of Cibalae was a pivotal 314 AD clash between the Roman emperors Constantine I and Licinius that helped secure Constantine’s dominance in the later Roman Empire.
-
D.
Battle of Tolbiac
The Battle of Tolbiac was a late 5th-century clash traditionally associated with the Franks’ victory over the Alemanni and the legendary conversion of King Clovis I to Christianity.
-
E.
Battle of Baecula
The Battle of Baecula was a major engagement of the Second Punic War in 208 BC in Hispania, where Roman forces under Scipio Africanus defeated a Carthaginian army led by Hasdrubal Barca.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (47)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
ancient battle
ⓘ
battle ⓘ |
| aftermath |
Roman consolidation of control in northern Britain
ⓘ
no permanent Roman occupation far beyond the Forth–Clyde line ⓘ |
| belligerentForce |
Caledonian tribal warriors
ⓘ
Roman auxiliary troops ⓘ Roman legions ⓘ |
| campaignCommander | Gnaeus Julius Agricola NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| category |
1st-century conflicts
ⓘ
Battles involving the Roman Empire ⓘ Roman Britain history events ⓘ |
| combatant |
Caledonian tribes
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
Roman Empire NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| commander |
Calgacus
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
Gnaeus Julius Agricola NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| conflictOf | Roman conquest of Britain NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| date |
c. 83 CE
ⓘ
c. 84 CE ⓘ late 1st century CE ⓘ |
| describedIn | Tacitus’ Agricola NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| era | Flavian period ⓘ |
| estimatedCaledonianStrength | c. 30,000 warriors ⓘ |
| estimatedRomanStrength | c. 20,000 soldiers ⓘ |
| genreOfSource | Roman historiography ⓘ |
| historicity | partly disputed ⓘ |
| literaryFeature | includes Tacitus’ speech of Calgacus ⓘ |
| location |
Caledonia
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
modern Scotland NERFINISHED ⓘ northern Britain ⓘ |
| modernCountry | United Kingdom NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| modernSubregion | Scotland NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| namedAfter | Mons Graupius NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| opponentCulture |
Caledonians
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
Iron Age tribes of northern Britain ⓘ |
| outcome | decisive Roman tactical victory ⓘ |
| partOf | Roman campaigns in Caledonia ⓘ |
| possibleSite |
Bennachie area in Aberdeenshire
NERFINISHED
ⓘ
Raedykes area in Aberdeenshire NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| primarySourceAuthor | Tacitus NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| region | Roman Britain NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| reigningEmperor | Domitian NERFINISHED ⓘ |
| result | Roman victory ⓘ |
| significance |
high point of Roman military penetration into Scotland
ⓘ
major engagement between Romans and Caledonians ⓘ |
| strategicEffect |
did not lead to lasting Roman annexation of all Scotland
ⓘ
temporary weakening of Caledonian resistance ⓘ |
| toponymStatus | exact location unknown ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Battle of Mons Graupius Description of subject: The Battle of Mons Graupius was a late 1st-century clash in northern Britain in which Roman forces under Agricola reportedly defeated the Caledonian tribes, marking the high point of Roman military penetration into Scotland.
Referenced by (4)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
subject surface form:
Agricola (Tacitus)