Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
E45290
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution is Peter Kropotkin’s influential work arguing that cooperation and mutual support are key drivers of evolution and social organization, challenging the notion that competition alone shapes species.
All labels observed (1)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution canonical | 4 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T357574 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution Context triple: [Peter Kropotkin, notableWork, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution]
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A.
Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
Sociobiology: The New Synthesis is a landmark 1975 book by biologist Edward O. Wilson that founded the modern field of sociobiology by applying evolutionary theory to the study of social behavior in animals and humans.
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B.
Genetics and the Origin of Species
Genetics and the Origin of Species is a 1937 book by Theodosius Dobzhansky that helped found the modern evolutionary synthesis by integrating Mendelian genetics with Darwinian natural selection.
-
C.
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex is Charles Darwin’s 1871 book that applies evolutionary theory to human origins and develops his influential theory of sexual selection.
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D.
Evolution: The Modern Synthesis
Evolution: The Modern Synthesis is Julian Huxley’s influential 1942 book that helped popularize and articulate the unified, gene-centered framework of modern evolutionary theory.
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E.
Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism is a 19th-century social theory that applied Charles Darwin’s ideas of natural selection to human societies, often to justify economic inequality, competition, and laissez-faire capitalism.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution Target entity description: Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution is Peter Kropotkin’s influential work arguing that cooperation and mutual support are key drivers of evolution and social organization, challenging the notion that competition alone shapes species.
-
A.
Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
Sociobiology: The New Synthesis is a landmark 1975 book by biologist Edward O. Wilson that founded the modern field of sociobiology by applying evolutionary theory to the study of social behavior in animals and humans.
-
B.
Genetics and the Origin of Species
Genetics and the Origin of Species is a 1937 book by Theodosius Dobzhansky that helped found the modern evolutionary synthesis by integrating Mendelian genetics with Darwinian natural selection.
-
C.
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex is Charles Darwin’s 1871 book that applies evolutionary theory to human origins and develops his influential theory of sexual selection.
-
D.
Evolution: The Modern Synthesis
Evolution: The Modern Synthesis is Julian Huxley’s influential 1942 book that helped popularize and articulate the unified, gene-centered framework of modern evolutionary theory.
-
E.
Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism is a 19th-century social theory that applied Charles Darwin’s ideas of natural selection to human societies, often to justify economic inequality, competition, and laissez-faire capitalism.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (48)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
book
ⓘ
non-fiction book ⓘ scientific work ⓘ work of political philosophy ⓘ |
| argumentType |
comparative
ⓘ
empirical ⓘ historical ⓘ |
| author |
Peter Kropotkin
ⓘ
Peter Kropotkin ⓘ
surface form:
Pyotr Kropotkin
|
| countryOfOrigin | United Kingdom ⓘ |
| field |
evolutionary biology
ⓘ
political philosophy ⓘ social theory ⓘ |
| firstPublicationForm | journal articles ⓘ |
| firstPublishedIn | The Nineteenth Century ⓘ |
| genre |
anarchist theory
ⓘ
evolutionary theory ⓘ political theory ⓘ popular science ⓘ |
| hasPart |
chapters on mutual aid among animals
ⓘ
chapters on mutual aid among so-called savages ⓘ chapters on mutual aid in medieval cities ⓘ chapters on mutual aid in modern societies ⓘ |
| influenced |
anarchist political thought
ⓘ
cooperation studies in biology ⓘ mutual aid movements ⓘ |
| influencedBy |
Charles Darwin
ⓘ
Kropotkin’s field observations in Siberia ⓘ Russian naturalist tradition ⓘ |
| language | English ⓘ |
| mainThesis |
competition alone does not explain evolutionary and social development
ⓘ
cooperation and mutual support are key factors in evolution ⓘ |
| notableFor |
early articulation of cooperation as an evolutionary advantage
ⓘ
systematic critique of competitive interpretations of Darwinism ⓘ |
| opposes | social Darwinist emphasis on ruthless competition ⓘ |
| originalLanguage | English ⓘ |
| philosophicalStance | anarchist communism ⓘ |
| publicationYear | 1902 ⓘ |
| publisher | William Heinemann ⓘ |
| structure | series of essays ⓘ |
| subject |
anarchism
ⓘ
cooperation ⓘ ethology ⓘ evolution ⓘ mutual aid ⓘ Social Darwinism ⓘ
surface form:
social Darwinism
social organization ⓘ sociobiology ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution Description of subject: Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution is Peter Kropotkin’s influential work arguing that cooperation and mutual support are key drivers of evolution and social organization, challenging the notion that competition alone shapes species.
Referenced by (4)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
subject surface form:
Pyotr Kropotkin