Rule 612
E359046
Rule 612 is a provision of the Federal Rules of Evidence that governs how a witness may use writings or other items to refresh their memory while testifying.
All labels observed (1)
| Label | Occurrences |
|---|---|
| Rule 612 canonical | 1 |
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T3392816 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Rule 612 Context triple: [Article VI – Witnesses, includesRule, Rule 612]
-
A.
Rule 611
Rule 611 is a provision in the Federal Rules of Evidence that governs the court’s control over the mode and order of examining witnesses and presenting evidence to ensure effective truth-finding and fairness.
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B.
Rule 610
Rule 610 is a provision in the rules of evidence that governs the admissibility of a witness’s religious beliefs or opinions, generally prohibiting their use to attack or support the witness’s credibility.
-
C.
Rule 12
Rule 12 is a provision of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure that governs pretrial motions and procedures for raising defenses and objections in federal criminal cases.
-
D.
Rule 603
Rule 603 is a rule of evidence that requires witnesses to declare they will testify truthfully before giving testimony in court.
-
E.
Rule 56
Rule 56 is the provision in the U.S. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure that governs summary judgment, allowing courts to decide cases without trial when there is no genuine dispute of material fact.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Rule 612 Target entity description: Rule 612 is a provision of the Federal Rules of Evidence that governs how a witness may use writings or other items to refresh their memory while testifying.
-
A.
Rule 611
Rule 611 is a provision in the Federal Rules of Evidence that governs the court’s control over the mode and order of examining witnesses and presenting evidence to ensure effective truth-finding and fairness.
-
B.
Rule 610
Rule 610 is a provision in the rules of evidence that governs the admissibility of a witness’s religious beliefs or opinions, generally prohibiting their use to attack or support the witness’s credibility.
-
C.
Rule 12
Rule 12 is a provision of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure that governs pretrial motions and procedures for raising defenses and objections in federal criminal cases.
-
D.
Rule 603
Rule 603 is a rule of evidence that requires witnesses to declare they will testify truthfully before giving testimony in court.
-
E.
Rule 56
Rule 56 is the provision in the U.S. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure that governs summary judgment, allowing courts to decide cases without trial when there is no genuine dispute of material fact.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (48)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
provision of the Federal Rules of Evidence
ⓘ
rule of evidence ⓘ |
| allows | use of any writing or item to refresh memory regardless of admissibility of the writing itself ⓘ |
| appliesTo |
witnesses testifying before the jury
ⓘ
witnesses testifying in court ⓘ witnesses testifying outside the jury’s presence ⓘ |
| authorityType | procedural rule ⓘ |
| citationForm | Fed. R. Evid. 612 ⓘ |
| condition |
writing may be used before testifying if the court decides that justice requires production
ⓘ
writing may be used while testifying ⓘ writing must be used to refresh the witness’s memory ⓘ |
| distinguishedFrom |
rules governing authentication of documents
ⓘ
rules governing hearsay ⓘ |
| enactedBy |
Supreme Court of the United States (rulemaking under the Rules Enabling Act)
ⓘ
surface form:
Supreme Court of the United States under the Rules Enabling Act
|
| governs | use of writings to refresh a witness’s memory ⓘ |
| grantsRight |
to cross-examine the witness about the writing used to refresh memory
ⓘ
to have the writing used to refresh memory produced at the hearing ⓘ to inspect the writing used to refresh memory ⓘ to introduce in evidence portions of the writing that relate to the witness’s testimony ⓘ |
| grantsRightTo | adverse party ⓘ |
| includesProvision |
any deleted portion must be preserved for the record in case of appeal
ⓘ
court may delete unrelated portions of the writing ⓘ court may review writing in camera ⓘ if a party refuses to produce the writing, the court may issue appropriate orders ⓘ in criminal cases, the court may strike the witness’s testimony or declare a mistrial if the government refuses to produce the writing ⓘ |
| interactionWith |
Jencks Act principles in criminal cases
ⓘ
Rule 37 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure ⓘ
surface form:
Rule 26 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure regarding discovery
|
| jurisdiction |
U.S. federal courts
ⓘ
surface form:
United States federal courts
|
| legalSystem | United States common law–based evidentiary system ⓘ |
| partOf |
rules of evidence for the federal courts
ⓘ
surface form:
Federal Rules of Evidence
|
| protects |
adverse party’s opportunity for effective cross-examination
ⓘ
fairness in the use of memory-refreshing materials ⓘ |
| purpose |
to allow witnesses to refresh recollection without unfair surprise to the opposing party
ⓘ
to balance effective witness testimony with fairness to adverse parties ⓘ |
| regulates |
use of writings to refresh memory before testifying if justice requires disclosure
ⓘ
use of writings to refresh memory while testifying ⓘ |
| relatedConcept |
discovery and disclosure obligations
ⓘ
present recollection refreshed ⓘ recorded recollection ⓘ witness impeachment ⓘ |
| requires |
court to protect against disclosure of unrelated matter in a writing
ⓘ
production of writings used to refresh memory when requested by an adverse party ⓘ |
| scope |
civil and criminal proceedings in federal court
ⓘ
use of writings or other items to refresh memory ⓘ |
| subjectMatter | evidence law ⓘ |
| usedBy |
federal judges
ⓘ
litigators in federal court ⓘ witnesses during testimony ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Rule 612 Description of subject: Rule 612 is a provision of the Federal Rules of Evidence that governs how a witness may use writings or other items to refresh their memory while testifying.
Referenced by (1)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.