Nalanda
E167991
Nalanda is an ancient Buddhist monastic university and renowned archaeological site in present-day Bihar, India, celebrated as one of the world’s earliest centers of higher learning.
All labels observed (10)
How this entity was disambiguated
This entity first appeared as the object of triple T1456712 — resolving that mention is where its identity was fixed. The disambiguator weighed these candidate entities and picked the highlighted one (or “None”, minting a new entity). This is how homonymy is resolved: the same surface form can point to different entities.
NED1
Entity disambiguation (via context triple)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Nalanda Context triple: [Eastern India, hasHistoricalSite, Nalanda]
-
A.
Sarnath
Sarnath is an important Buddhist pilgrimage site near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, India, where Gautama Buddha is believed to have delivered his first sermon after attaining enlightenment.
-
B.
Pataliputra
Pataliputra was an ancient Indian city on the Ganges that served as a major political and cultural center, especially under powerful dynasties like the Maurya and Gupta empires.
-
C.
Betapur
Betapur is a small settlement located on Middle Andaman Island in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India.
-
D.
Dharmakshetra
Dharmakshetra is the sacred battlefield of Kurukshetra in the Indian epic Mahabharata, revered as a holy site where the Bhagavad Gita was spoken.
-
E.
Balashikha
Balashikha is a large suburban city just east of Moscow, known as one of the most populous cities in Moscow Oblast and a significant residential and industrial center in the region.
- F. None of above. chosen
- G. Unsure - the case is ambiguous/there is not enough information to decide.
NED2
Entity disambiguation (via description)
gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07
Target entity: Nalanda Target entity description: Nalanda is an ancient Buddhist monastic university and renowned archaeological site in present-day Bihar, India, celebrated as one of the world’s earliest centers of higher learning.
-
A.
Sarnath
Sarnath is an important Buddhist pilgrimage site near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, India, where Gautama Buddha is believed to have delivered his first sermon after attaining enlightenment.
-
B.
Pataliputra
Pataliputra was an ancient Indian city on the Ganges that served as a major political and cultural center, especially under powerful dynasties like the Maurya and Gupta empires.
-
C.
Betapur
Betapur is a small settlement located on Middle Andaman Island in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India.
-
D.
Dharmakshetra
Dharmakshetra is the sacred battlefield of Kurukshetra in the Indian epic Mahabharata, revered as a holy site where the Bhagavad Gita was spoken.
-
E.
Balashikha
Balashikha is a large suburban city just east of Moscow, known as one of the most populous cities in Moscow Oblast and a significant residential and industrial center in the region.
- F. None of above. chosen
Statements (63)
| Predicate | Object |
|---|---|
| instanceOf |
ancient Buddhist monastic university
ⓘ
archaeological site ⓘ center of higher learning ⓘ |
| affiliation |
Mahayana
ⓘ
surface form:
Mahayana Buddhism
Theravada ⓘ
surface form:
Theravada Buddhism
|
| archaeologicalExcavationsBy | Archaeological Survey of India ⓘ |
| country | India ⓘ |
| declinePeriod | 12th century CE ⓘ |
| describedIn |
travel records of Xuanzang
ⓘ
travel records of Yijing ⓘ |
| destroyedBy |
Bakhtiyar Khalji
ⓘ
surface form:
Bakhtiyar Khilji
|
| destructionCentury | 12th century CE ⓘ |
| flourishedInCentury |
10th century CE
ⓘ
5th century CE ⓘ 6th century CE ⓘ 7th century CE ⓘ 8th century CE ⓘ 9th century CE ⓘ |
| foundedBy | Kumaragupta I ⓘ |
| foundedUnderDynasty |
Gupta Empire
ⓘ
surface form:
Gupta dynasty
|
| foundingCentury | 5th century CE ⓘ |
| hasFeature |
lecture halls
ⓘ
meditation halls ⓘ monastic complex ⓘ residential quarters ⓘ stupas ⓘ temples ⓘ water tanks ⓘ |
| hasModernRevival | Nalanda University (modern) ⓘ |
| heritageStatus | UNESCO World Heritage Site ⓘ |
| influenced |
Buddhist education in East Asia
ⓘ
Tibetan Buddhist monastic universities ⓘ |
| knownFor |
Buddhist philosophy
ⓘ
astronomy ⓘ grammar ⓘ large library ⓘ logic ⓘ mathematics ⓘ medicine ⓘ monastic education ⓘ |
| languageOfInstruction |
Pali
ⓘ
Sanskrit ⓘ |
| locatedIn |
Bihar
ⓘ
Magadha ⓘ
surface form:
Magadha region
Nalanda district ⓘ eastern India ⓘ |
| locatedNear |
Patna
ⓘ
Rajgir ⓘ |
| partOf | ancient universities of India ⓘ |
| patronizedBy |
Gupta Empire
ⓘ
surface form:
Gupta dynasty
Harsha ⓘ Pala Empire ⓘ
surface form:
Pala dynasty
|
| religion | Buddhism ⓘ |
| studentsFrom |
China
ⓘ
India ⓘ Korea ⓘ Southeast Asia ⓘ Sri Lanka ⓘ Tibet Autonomous Region ⓘ
surface form:
Tibet
|
| unescoInscriptionYear | 2016 ⓘ |
| visitedBy |
Xuanzang
ⓘ
surface form:
Hsuan Tsang
Xuanzang ⓘ Yijing ⓘ |
How these facts were elicited
The pipeline generated the facts above by prompting gpt-5.1 with this entity's name + description and the instruction below.
Instruction
You are a knowledge base construction expert. Given a subject entity and a description of it, return factual statements that you know for the subject as a JSON list of dictionaries(triples), where keys must be "subject", "predicate" and "object". The number of facts may be very high, between 25 to 50 or more, for very popular subjects. For less popular subjects, the number of facts can be very low, like 5 or 10. # Requirements - If you don't know the subject at all, return an empty list. - If the subject is not a named entity, return an empty list. - Include at least one triple where predicate is "instanceOf". - Do not get too wordy. - Separate several objects into multiple triples with one object.
Input
Subject: Nalanda Description of subject: Nalanda is an ancient Buddhist monastic university and renowned archaeological site in present-day Bihar, India, celebrated as one of the world’s earliest centers of higher learning.
Referenced by (23)
Full triples — surface form annotated when it differs from this entity's canonical label.
subject surface form:
Eastern India
this entity surface form:
Nalanda (early Buddhist learning center)
this entity surface form:
ancient Nalanda University ruins
this entity surface form:
Nalanda University (modern)
subject surface form:
Ancient India
this entity surface form:
Nalanda university
this entity surface form:
Nalanda area
this entity surface form:
Nalanda Mahavihara
this entity surface form:
Nalanda Mahavihara
this entity surface form:
Nālandā monastic university
this entity surface form:
Nalanda Mahavihara
this entity surface form:
Nalanda Mahavihara
this entity surface form:
Nalanda University archaeological site
subject surface form:
Bihar Sharif
this entity surface form:
Nalanda archaeological site
subject surface form:
Bihar Sharif
this entity surface form:
ancient Nalanda University ruins
this entity surface form:
Nalanda Mahavihara